@Book{ abel_ooi93, editor = {David Abel and Beng Chin Ooi}, title = {Advances in Spatial Databases}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1993, volume = 692, series = {LNCS}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ abelson85, author = {Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman and Julie Sussman}, title = {Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1996, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ abney96, author = {Steven Abney}, title = {Statistical Methods and Linguistics}, editor = {Judith Klavans and Philip Resnik}, booktitle = {The Balancing Act}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1996, pages = {1--26}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, url = {http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/~abney/Abney_95c.ps.gz} } @InProceedings{ abney_schapire_etal99, author = {Steven Abney and Robert E. Schapire and Yoram Singer}, title = {Boosting Applied to Tagging and {PP} Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {38--45}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou} } @Book{ adams75, author = {Ernest W. Adams}, title = {The Logic of Conditionals}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1975, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Booklet{ admoni72, author = {W. Admoni}, title = {Der deutsche {S}prachbau}, address = {Leningrad}, year = 1972, publisher = {Prawes\v{c}enie} } @InProceedings{ adriaens86, author = {Geert Adriaens}, title = {{WEP} (word expert parsing) Revised and Applied to {D}utch}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)}, year = 1986, pages = {222--235} } @InCollection{ agrawala-abrams92, author = {A. Agrawala and M. Abrams}, title = {Computer Systems}, editor = {S. Shapiro}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = 1992, pages = {174--181}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ ahn_jijkoun_etal05, author = {David Ahn and Valentin Jijkoun and Karin M{\"u}ller and Maarten {de Rijke} and Stefan Schlobach and Gilad Mishne}, title = {Making Stone Soup: Evaluating a Recall-Oriented Multi-stream Question Answering System for {D}utch}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {423--434}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Book{ aho_hopcroft_etal74, author = {Alfred V. Aho and John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman}, title = {The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithmus}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1974, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ aikins83, author = {J. S. Aikins}, title = {Prototypical Knowledge for Expert Systems}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1983, volume = 20, number = 2, pages = {199--208} } @Book{ ait-kaci91a, author = {Hassan A\"{\i}t-Kaci}, title = {The {W}arren Abstract Machine: {A} Tutorial Reconstruction}, publisher = {{MIT}-Press}, year = 1991, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ ait-kaci_podelski91, author = {Hassan A\"{\i}t-Kaci and Andreas Podelski}, title = {Towards a Meaning of {LIFE}}, editor = {Jan Maluszy\'{n}ski and Martin Wirsing}, booktitle = {Programming Language Implementation and Logic Programming}, year = 1991, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {255--274}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 528 } @InCollection{ alchourron95, author = {Carlos E. Alchourr\'{o}n}, title = {Defeasable Logics: Demarcation and Affinities}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {67--102}, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ allen83, author = {James F. Allen}, title = {Maintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1983, volume = 26, number = 11, pages = {832--843} } @Article{ allen84, author = {James F. Allen}, title = {Towards a General Theory of Action and Time}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1984, volume = 23, pages = {123--154} } @Book{ allen87, author = {James Allen}, title = {Natural Language Understanding}, publisher = {Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.}, year = 1987, address = {Menlo Park, California} } @Book{ allen_hendler_etal90, author = {J. Allen and J. Hendler and A. Tate}, title = {Readings in Planning}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1990, address = {San Mateo, California} } @InCollection{ allgayer_reddig90, author = {J{\"u}rgen Allgayer and Carola Reddig}, title = {What's in a {'DET'}: Steps towards Determiner-Dependent Inferencing}, editor = {K. Bl{\"a}sius and U. Hedst{\"u}ck and C.-R. Rollinger}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence IV: Methodology, Systems, Applications}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1990, pages = {--}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, bib = {HA TUQ/AIMS} } @InCollection{ allgayer_reddig90b, author = {J{\"u}rgen Allgayer and Carola Reddig-Siekmann}, title = {What {KL-ONE} Lookalikes Need to Cope with Natural Language -- Scope and Aspect of Plural Noun Phrases}, editor = {Karl Hans Bl{\"a}sius and Ulrich Hedtst{\"u}ck and Claus-Rainer Rollinger}, booktitle = {Sorts and Types in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1990, pages = {240--285}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, bib = {HA TUQ/STAI} } @PhDThesis{ amstad78, author = {Toni Amstad}, title = {Wie verst{\"a}ndlich sind unsere Zeitungen?}, school = {Univ. Z{\"u}rich}, year = 1978 } @Book{ anderson_bower73, author = {J. R. Anderson and G. H. Bower}, title = {Human Associative Memory}, publisher = {Winston \& Sons}, year = 1973, address = {Washington D.C., USA} } @Article{ anderson_fishman85, author = {J. R. Anderson and B. Fishman}, title = {The {SMALLTALK} Programming Language}, journal = {Byte}, year = 1985, volume = 10, number = 5, pages = {160--165} } @Article{ andry_fraser_etal92, author = {Fran{\c{c}}ois Andry and Norman M. Fraser and Scott McGlashan and Simon Thornton and Nick J. Youd}, title = {Making {DATR} Work for Speech: Lexicon Compilation in {SUNDIAL}}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 3, pages = {245--267}, month = sep } @Article{ angluin83, author = {D. Angluin and C. H. Smith}, title = {A Survey of Inductive Inference: {T}heory and Methods}, journal = {{ACM} Computing Surveys}, year = 1983, volume = 15, number = 3, pages = {238--269} } @Book{ antoniou_harmelen04, author = {Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen}, title = {A Semantic Web Primer}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 2004, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ aone_bennett96, author = {Chinatsu Aone and Scott William Bennett}, title = {Applying Machine Learning to Anaphora Resolution}, pages = {302--314}, crossref = {wermter_riloff_etal96} } @Article{ apresjan74, author = {Jurij Apresjan}, title = {Regular Polysemy}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = 1974, volume = 142, pages = {5--32} } @Article{ artale_franconi_etal96, author = {Alessandro Artale and Enrico Franconi and Nicola Guarino and Luca Pazzi}, title = {Part-Whole Relations in Object-Centered Systems: An Overview}, journal = {Data Knowledge Engineering}, year = 1996, volume = 20, number = 3, pages = {347--383}, url = {http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/artale96partwhole.html} } @InProceedings{ artale_franconi_etal96b, author = {Alessandro Artale and Enrico Franconi and Nicola Guarino}, title = {Open problems with part-whole relations}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Workshop on Description Logics}, year = 1996, pages = {70--73}, adress = {Boston, Massachusetts}, url = {http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/artale96open.html} } @InCollection{ asher95, author = {Nicholas Asher}, title = {Commonsense Entailment: A Conditional Logic for Some Generics}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {102--145}, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ asher_lascarides98, author = {Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides}, title = {The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition}, journal = {Journal of Semantics}, year = 1998, volume = 15, pages = {239--299}, publisher = {Oxford University Press} } @Article{ asher_lascarides99, author = {Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides}, title = {Bridging}, journal = {Journal of Semantics}, year = 1999, volume = 15, pages = {83--113}, publisher = {Oxford University Press} } @Book{ atkins_zampolli94, editor = {B. T. S. Atkins and Antonio Zampolli}, title = {Computational Approaches to the Lexicon}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1994, address = {Oxford} } @InProceedings{ attardi_cisternino_etal01, author = {Giuseppe Attardi and Antonio Cisternino and Francesco Formica and Maria Simi and Alessandro Tommasi}, title = {{PiQASso}: {P}isa Question Answering System}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {599--607} } @InProceedings{ attardi_cisternino_etal02, author = {Giuseppe Attardi and Antonio Cisternino and Francesco Formica and Maria Simi and Alessandro Tommasi}, title = {{PiQASso} 2002}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Lori P. Buckland}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC 2002}, year = 2002, pages = {633--642} } @InProceedings{ azzam_humphreys_etal98, author = {Saliha Azzam and Kevin Humphreys and Robert Gaizauskas}, title = {Evaluating a Focus-Based Approach to Anaphora Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)}, year = 1998, pages = {74--78}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9807001} } @Book{ baader_calvanese_etal04, editor = {F. Baader and D. Calvanese and D. McGuinness and D. Nardi and P. Patel-Schneider}, title = {The Description Logics Handbook}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 2004, address = {Cambridge} } @InProceedings{ baader_kuesters99, author = {F. Baader and R. K{\"u}sters and R. Molitor}, title = {Computing Least Common Subsumers in Description Logics with Existential Restrictions}, editor = {T. Dean}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'99)}, year = 1999, pages = {96--101}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @InProceedings{ baader_kuesters_etal99, author = {Franz Baader and Ralf K{\"u}sters and Ralf Molitor}, title = {Computing {L}east {C}ommon {S}ubsumers in {D}escription {L}ogics with {E}xistential {R}estrictions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-99})}, year = 1999, pages = {96--101} } @TechReport{ baader_molitor_etal98, author = {Franz Baader and Ralf Molitor and Stefan Tobies}, title = {On the Relation between Conceptual Graphs and Description Logics}, institution = {Aachen University of Technology}, year = 1998, number = {LTCS-Report 98-11}, address = {Aachen, Germany} } @Book{ baayen_piepenbrock_etal95, author = {R. Harald Baayen and Richard Piepenbrock and Leon Gulikers}, title = {The {CELEX} Lexical Database. Release 2 ({CD-ROM})}, publisher = {{L}inguistic {D}ata {C}onsortium, University of Pennsylvania}, year = 1995, address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania} } @Article{ bacchus_tenenberg_etal91, author = {F. Bacchus and J. Tenenberg and J. A. Koomen}, title = {A Non-Reified Temporal Logic}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 52, number = 1, pages = {87--108} } @Misc{ baehring_keller_etal99, author = {H. B{\"a}hring and J. Keller and W. Schneewei{\ss}}, title = {Kurs 1707 -- {T}echnische {I}nformatik I}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1999 } @Article{ baker_etal03, author = {C. Baker and Ch. Fillmore and B. Cronin}, title = {The Structure of the {F}rame{N}et Data Base}, journal = {Int. Journal of Lexicography}, year = 2003, volume = 16, number = 3, pages = {281--296} } @InProceedings{ baldwin05, author = {Timothy Baldwin}, title = {Looking for Prepositional Verbs in Corpus Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on the Linguistic Dimensions of Prepositions and their Use in Computational Linguistics Formalisms and Applications}, year = 2005, address = {Colchester, UK}, month = apr } @InProceedings{ baldwin97, author = {Breck Baldwin}, title = {{CogNIAC}: High Precision Coreference with Limited Knowledge and Linguistic Resources}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {38--45}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @InProceedings{ baldwin_morton_etal98, author = {Breck Baldwin and Tom Morton and Amit Bagga and Jason Baldridge and Raman Chandraseker and Alexis Dimitriadis and Kieran Snyder and Magdalena Wolska}, title = {Description of the {UPenn} {CAMP} System as Used for Coreference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}, year = 1998, comment = {no pages because only online?} } @Book{ ballstaedt97, author = {Steffen-Peter Ballstaedt}, title = {Wissensvermittlung: Die Gestaltung von Lernmaterial}, publisher = {Beltz PVU}, year = 1997, address = {Weinheim} } @Book{ ballstaedt_mandl_etal81, author = {Steffen-Peter Ballstaedt and Heinz Mandl and Wolfgang Schnotz and Sigmar-Olaf Tergan}, title = {Texte verstehen, {T}exte gestalten}, publisher = {Urban \& Schwarzenberg}, year = 1981, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InProceedings{ barbier_ligozat05, author = {Vincent Barbier and Anne-Laure Ligozat}, title = {A Syntactic Strategy for Filtering Sentences in a Question Answering System}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2005)}, year = 2005, pages = {--}, address = {Borovets, Bulgaria}, annote = {QA, syntax for reranking candidate sentences} } @Article{ barker_copeck_etal97, author = {Ken Barker and Terry Copeck and Sylvain Delisle and Stan Szpakowicz}, title = {Systematic Construction of a Versatile Case System}, journal = {Natural Language Engineering}, year = 1997, volume = 3, number = 4, pages = {279--315} } @Book{ barr_feigenbaum81, editor = {A. Barr and E.A. Feigenbaum}, title = {The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {William Kaufmann}, year = 1981, volume = 1, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ barr_feigenbaum82, editor = {A. Barr and E.A. Feigenbaum}, title = {The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {William Kaufmann}, year = 1982, volume = 2, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ barth_endres_etal98, editor = {A. Barth and A. Endres and A. de Kemp and M. Breu}, title = {Digital Libraries in Computer Science: {T}he {MeDoc} Approach}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, volume = 1392, series = {LNCS}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ barwise_cooper81, author = {J. Barwise and R. Cooper}, title = {{G}eneralized Quantifiers and Natural Language}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 1981, volume = 4, pages = {159--219} } @InCollection{ basili_candito_etal97, author = {Roberto Basili and Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Candito and Maria Teresa Pazienza and Paola Velardi}, title = {Evaluating the Information Gain of Probability-Based {PP}-Disambiguation Methods}, pages = {241--255}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @InProceedings{ batori69, author = {Istv{\'a}n B{\'a}tori}, title = {Disambiguating Verbs with Multiple Meaning in the {MT}-System of {IBM} {G}ermany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 69)}, year = 1969, pages = {}, address = {S{\aa}nga-S{\"a}by, Sweden}, url = {http://www.nodali.sics.se/bibliotek/kval/coling69/} } @TechReport{ batori96, author = {Istv{\'a}n B{\'a}tori}, title = {Die phonologische {R}epr{\"a}sentation in der {UEDB}}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1996, type = {Arbeitspapier}, address = {Koblenz, Germany}, month = aug } @Book{ bauer_wirsing91, author = {Friedrich L. Bauer and Martin Wirsing}, title = {{E}lementare {A}ussagenlogik}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, address = {Berlin}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ baumgartner_furbach_etal07, author = {Peter Baumgartner and Ulrich Furbach and Bj{\"o}rn Pelzer}, title = {Hyper Tableaux with Equality}, editor = {Frank Pfenning}, booktitle = {Automated Deduction -- CADE-21, 21st Int.\ Conf.\ on Automated Deduction}, year = 2007, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 4603, pages = {492--507}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ baumgartner_furbach_etal96, author = {Peter Baumgartner and Ulrich Furbach and Ilkka Niemel{\"a}}, title = {Hyper Tableaux}, editor = {Jos{\'e} J{\'u}lio Alferes and Lu\'{\i}s Moniz Pereira and Ewa Orlowska}, booktitle = {Logics in Artificial Intelligence, European Workshop, JELIA '96}, year = 1996, volume = 1126, pages = {1--17}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ bechhofer_horrocks_etal01, author = {Sean Bechhofer and Ian Horrocks and Carole Goble and Robert Stevens}, title = {OilEd: A Reason-able Ontology Editor for the Semantic Web}, editor = {Franz Baader, Gerhard Brewka and Thomas Eiter}, booktitle = {KI 2001: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 2001, pages = {396--408}, address = {Vienna, Austria}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ becker75, author = {Joseph D. Becker}, title = {Reflections on the formal description of behavior}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {83--102}, address = {New York} } @Misc{ beierle97, author = {Christoph Beierle}, title = {Kurs 1695 -- {D}eduktions- und {I}nferenzsysteme}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1997 } @Misc{ beierle_hanus_etal92, author = {C. Beierle and H. Ganzinger and M. Hanus}, title = {Kurs 1816 -- {L}ogisches und funktionales {P}rogrammieren}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1992 } @Misc{ beierle_helbig03, author = {Christoph Beierle and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1601 -- {F}ormale {G}rundlagen der {I}nformatik}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 2003 } @Misc{ beierle_kern-isberner98, author = {Christoph Beierle and Gabriele Kern-Isberner}, title = {Kurs 1696 -- {W}issensbasierte {S}ysteme}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1998 } @Article{ beierle_pletat_etal93, author = {Christoph Beierle and Udo Pletat and Rudi Studer}, title = {Knowledge Representation for Natural Language Understanding: {T}he {L$_{\mbox{LILOG}}$} Approach}, journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering}, year = 1993, volume = 5, number = 3, pages = {386--401} } @Book{ beierle_pluemer94, editor = {C. Beierle and L. Pl{\"u}mer}, title = {Logic programming: Formal methods and practical applications}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1994, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ bell34, author = {Eric T. Bell}, title = {Exponential Numbers}, journal = {American Mathematical Monthly}, year = 1934, volume = 41, pages = {411--419} } @TechReport{ berberich_etal91, author = {M. Berberich and others}, title = {Expertensystem-{P}rototyp zur {F}ehlerdiagnose und {W}artungsunterst{\"u}tzung}, institution = {{FB1} der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, year = 1991, volume = {KI 3} } @Article{ berger_della-pietra_etal96, author = {Adam L. Berger and Stephen A. {Della Pietra} and Vincent J. {Della Pietra}}, title = {A Maximum Entropy Approach to Natural Language Processing}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1996, volume = 22, number = 1, pages = {39--71}, month = mar } @MastersThesis{ berghaeuser_mertens89, author = {Michael Bergh{\"a}user and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}epr{\"a}sentation von {K}arten und {I}mplementation eines {W}egauskunftssystems}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz}, year = 1989, type = {Studienarbeit}, address = {Koblenz} } @Article{ bergmann_munoz-avila_etal96, author = {Ralph Bergmann and Hector Munoz-Avila and Manuela Veloso}, title = {Fallbasiertes {P}lanen: ausgew{\"a}hlte {M}ethoden und {S}ysteme}, journal = {K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 1996, volume = 10, number = 1, pages = {22--28} } @Book{ berka_kreiser83, author = {Karel Berka and Lothar Kreiser}, title = {Logik-{T}exte -- {K}ommentierte {A}uswahl zur {G}eschichte der modernen {L}ogik}, publisher = {Akademie-{V}erlag}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin}, edition = 3 } @Article{ bernauer96, author = {J. Bernauer}, title = {Analysis of part-whole relation and subsumption in the medical domain}, journal = {Data and Knowledge Engineering}, year = 1996, volume = 20, pages = {405--415} } @InProceedings{ bernth97, author = {Arendse Bernth}, title = {Easy{E}nglish: a Tool for Improving Document Quality}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP'96)}, year = 1997, pages = {159--165}, address = {Washington D.C.} } @Article{ berry_dumais_etal95a, author = {Michael W. Berry and Susan T. Dumais and Gavin W. O'Brien}, title = {Using linear algebra for intelligent information retrieval}, journal = {SIAM Review}, year = 1995, volume = 4, number = 37, pages = {573--595} } @InProceedings{ berry_dumais_etal95b, author = {Michael W. Berry and Susan T. Dumais and Todd A. Letsche}, title = {Computational Methods for Intelligent Information Access}, booktitle = {Supercomputing '95: Proceedings of the 1995 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing (CD-ROM)}, year = 1995, isbn = {0-89791-816-9}, adress = {San Diego, California}, annote = {url http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/224170.285569} } @Book{ bertsimas_tsitsiklis97, author = {Dimitris Bertsimas and John N. Tsitsiklis}, title = {Introduction to Linear Optimization}, publisher = {Athena Scientific}, year = 1997, address = {Belmont, USA} } @Book{ bibel92, author = {Wolfgang Bibel}, title = {Deduktion}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1992, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @TechReport{ biemann03, author = {Christian Biemann}, title = {Evaluationsbericht {NLI-Z39.50}}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Leipzig, Fakult{\"a}t f{\"u}r Mathematik und Informatik, Abteilung Automatische Sprachverarbeitung}, year = 2003 } @InCollection{ biemann_osswald05, author = {Chris Biemann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {{A}utomatische {E}rweiterung eines semantikbasierten {L}exikons durch {B}ootstrapping auf gro{\ss}en {K}orpora}, editor = {Bernhard Fisseni and Hans-Christian Schmitz and Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Petra Wagner}, booktitle = {Sprachtechnologie, mobile Kommunikation und linguistische {R}essourcen -- Beitr{\"a}ge zur GLDV-Tagung 2005 in Bonn}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 2005, pages = {15--27}, address = {Frankfurt am Main} } @InCollection{ biemann_osswald06, author = {Chris Biemann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Automatic Extension of Feature-based Semantic Lexicons via Contextual Attributes}, editor = {M. Spiliopoulou and R. Kruse and C. Borgelt and A. N{\"u}rnberger and W. Gaul}, booktitle = {From Data and Information Analysis to Knowledge Engineering -- Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the {G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {K}lassifikation}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, series = {Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization}, pages = {326--333}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ bierwisch70, author = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {Eine {H}ierarchie der syntaktisch-semantischen {M}erkmale}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1970, volume = {V}, series = {Studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ bierwisch80, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {Psychologische Effekte sprachlicher Strukturkomponenten}, publisher = {Wilhelm Fink}, year = 1980, series = {Patholinguistica}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, number = 9 } @InCollection{ bierwisch83, author = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {{S}emantische und konzeptuelle {R}e\-pr{\"a}\-sentation lexikalischer {E}inheiten}, editor = {Rudolf R\r{u}\v{z}i\v{c}ka and Wolfgang Motsch}, booktitle = {Untersuchungen zur Semantik}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1983, series = {Studia grammatica XXII}, pages = {61--99}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {PI 7 Kopie} } @InCollection{ bierwisch88, author = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {On the Grammar of Local Prepositions}, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Wolfgang Motsch and Ilse Zimmermann}, booktitle = {Syntax, Semantik und Lexikon}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1988, volume = {{XXIX}}, series = {Studia grammatica}, pages = {1--65}, address = {Berlin} } @Proceedings{ bierwisch_bosch95, title = {Semantic and conceptual knowledge}, year = 1995, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Peter Bosch}, address = {Stuttgart}, publisher = {{U}niversit{\"a}t {S}tuttgart, {Sonderforschungsbereich 340}}, annote = {{P}rimer-1} } @Book{ bierwisch_lang87, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Ewald Lang}, title = {Grammatische und konzeptuelle {A}spekte von {D}imensionsadjektiven}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1987, volume = {{26/27}}, series = {studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ bierwisch_motsch_etal88, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Wolfgang Motsch and Ilse Zimmermann}, title = {Syntax, Semantik und Lexikon}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1988, volume = {{XXIX}}, series = {studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ blaesius_buerckert87, editor = {K. H. Bl{\"a}sius and H.-J. B{\"u}rckert}, title = {Deduktionssysteme -- {A}utomatisierung des logischen {D}enkens}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1987, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ blau78, author = {Ulrich Blau}, title = {Die dreiwertige Logik der Sprache}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1978, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ boas05, author = {Hans C. Boas}, title = {From Theory to Practice: Frame Semantics and the Design of {F}rame{Net}}, editor = {Stefan Langer and Daniel Schnorbusch}, booktitle = {Semantik im Lexikon}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 2005, number = 479, series = {T{\"u}binger {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur {L}inguistik}, pages = {129--159}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InCollection{ bobrow75, author = {D. G. Bobrow}, title = {Dimensions of Representation}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {1--34}, address = {New York}, bib = {E?} } @InCollection{ bobrow_brown75, author = {R. J. Bobrow and J. S. Brown}, title = {Systematic Understanding: {S}ynthesis, Analysis and Contingent Knowledge in Specialized Understanding Systems}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {103--129}, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ bobrow_cheslow_etal07, author = {Daniel G. Bobrow and Bob Cheslow and Cleo Condoravdi and Lauri Karttunen and Tracy Holloway King and Rowan Nairn and Valeria {de Paiva} and Charlotte Price and Annie Zaenen}, title = {{PARC}'s Bridge and Question Answering System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the GEAF (Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks) 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Stanford, California}, annote = {no pages} } @Book{ bobrow_collins75, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, title = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, address = {New York} } @Article{ bobrow_etal77, author = {D.G. Bobrow and others}, title = {{GUS}, a Frame Driven Dialog System}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1977, volume = 8, number = 2, pages = {155--173} } @Article{ bobrow_hayes_etal83a, author = {D.G. Bobrow and P.J. Hayes and J. Pearl}, title = {Special Issue on Search and Heuristics}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1983, volume = 21 } @InCollection{ bobrow_norman75, author = {D. G. Bobrow and D. A. Norman}, title = {Some principles of memory schemata}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {131--150}, address = {New York} } @Book{ bobrow_stefik83, author = {D. G. Bobrow and M. Stefik}, title = {The {LOOPS} Manual}, publisher = {Xerox Parc}, year = 1983, address = {Palo Alto}, month = dec } @Article{ bobrow_winograd77, author = {D. G. Bobrow and T. Winograd}, title = {An Overview of {KRL}}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, year = 1977, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {3--46} } @Book{ bochenski75, author = {M. Boche\'{n}ski}, title = {Die zeitgen{\"o}ssischen Denkmethoden}, publisher = {Franke Verlag}, year = 1975, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Article{ boettger84, author = {H. B{\"o}ttger}, title = {Inferential Information Retrieval over an extended Semantic Network}, journal = {Computers and {AI}}, year = 1984, volume = 3, number = 2, pages = {115--126}, address = {Bratislava} } @InCollection{ boettger_helbig_etal91, author = {M. B{\"o}ttger and Hermann Helbig and F. Ficker and F. Z{\"a}nker}, title = {Parallelen zwischen den {K}omponenten des nat{\"u}rlichsprachlichen {I}nterfaces {NLI-AIDOS} und dem zugrundeliegenden {I}nformationsrecherchesystem}, editor = {W. Brauer and D. Hernandez}, booktitle = {Verteilte K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz und kooperatives Arbeiten: 4. Internationaler GI-Kongre\ss{} Wissensbasierte Systeme, Proc.}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, pages = {207--218}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ boguraev_briscoe89, editor = {Branimir Boguraev and Ted Briscoe}, title = {Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Longman}, year = 1989, address = {London} } @InProceedings{ boguraev_etal88, author = {B. Boguraev and others}, title = {Software Support for Practical Grammar Development}, booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 88)}, year = 1988, pages = {54--58}, address = {Budapest} } @Book{ boguraev_pustejovsky96, editor = {Branimir Boguraev and James Pustejovsky}, title = {Corpus Processing for Lexical Acquisition}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1996, series = {Language, Speech, and Communication}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ boitet_etal82, author = {Ch. Boitet and others}, title = {Implementation and Conversational Environment of {ARIANE} 78.4}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 82)}, year = 1982, pages = {19--27}, address = {Prag}, organization = {Academia Pragy} } @Book{ bolc_cytowsky92, author = {L. Bolc and J. Cytowsky}, title = {Search methods for artificial intelligence}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1992, address = {London} } @Book{ boles_etal97, author = {Dietrich Boles et al.}, title = {The MeDoc System - a Distributed Digital Library Facility}, publisher = {this volume}, year = 1997 } @InCollection{ bonnet84, author = {A. Bonnet}, title = {Strategies for Understanding Structured {E}nglish}, editor = {B. G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe}, booktitle = {Rule based expert systems. The MYCIN experiments of the Stanford heuristic programming project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, pages = {613--634}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @PhDThesis{ boose84, author = {J. H. Boose}, title = {Personal construct theory and the transfer of human expertise}, school = {Univ. Washington: Computer Science Dept.}, year = 1984 } @Book{ booth67, author = {Taylor L. Booth}, title = {{S}equential {M}achines and {A}utomata {T}heory}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, year = 1967, address = {New York}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ borgman96, author = {Christine L. Borgman}, title = {Why are Online Catalogs \emph{still} Hard to Use?}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science}, year = 1996, volume = 47, number = 7, pages = {493--503}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ bos05, author = {Johan Bos}, title = {Towards Wide-Coverage Semantic Interpretation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Computational Semantics (IWCS 6)}, year = 2005, pages = {42--53} } @InProceedings{ bos_nissim06, author = {Johan Bos and Malvina Nissim}, title = {Cross-Lingual Question Answering by Answer Translation}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, cross-language by answer translation, works on DRS, deep QA} } @InProceedings{ bouma90, author = {Gosse Bouma}, title = {Defaults in Unification Grammar}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1990, pages = {165--172} } @Article{ bouma92, author = {Gosse Bouma}, title = {Feature Structures and Nonmonotonicity}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 2, pages = {183--203}, month = jun } @Article{ bouma_fahmi_etal05, author = {Gosse Bouma and Ismail Fahmi and Jori Mur and Gertjan {van Noord} and Lonneke {van der Plas} and J{\"o}rg Tiedemann}, title = {Linguistic Knowledge and Question Answering}, journal = {Traitement Automatique des Langues}, year = 2005, volume = 46, number = 2, pages = {15--39}, annote = {Joost, syntactic deep QA} } @InCollection{ bouma_fahmi_etal07, author = {Gosse Bouma and Ismail Fahmi and Jori Mur and Gertjan {van Noord} and Lonneke {van der Plas} and J{\"o}rg Tiedemann}, title = {Using Syntactic Knowledge for {QA}}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {318--327}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1}, annote = {Joost, syntactic deep QA} } @InProceedings{ bouma_kloosterman_etal07, author = {Gosse Bouma and Geert Kloosterman and Jori Mur and Gertjan {van Noord} and Lonneke {van der Plas} and J{\"o}rg Tiedemann}, title = {Question Answering with {Joost} at {CLEF} 2007}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary}, annote = {Joost, syntactic deep QA} } @InProceedings{ bowden_olteanu_etal06, author = {Mitchell Bowden and Marian Olteanu and Pasin Suriyentrakorn and Jonathan Clark and Dan Moldovan}, title = {{LCC's} {PowerAnswer} at {QA@CLEF} 2006}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, cross-language by translating all documents and answer alignment} } @InProceedings{ bowden_olteanu_etal07, author = {Mitchell Bowden and Marian Olteanu and Pasin Suriyentrakorn and Thomas d'Silva and Dan Moldovan}, title = {Multilingual Question Answering through Intermediate Translation: {LCC's} {PowerAnswer} at {QA@CLEF} 2007}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary} } @TechReport{ brachman78, author = {Ronald J. Brachman}, title = {Structured inheritance networks}, institution = {Bolt Beranek \& Newman}, year = 1978, number = {No. 3742}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, bib = {PI7} } @InCollection{ brachman79, author = {Ronald J. Brachman}, title = {On the Epistemological Status of Semantic Networks}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks -- Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {3--50}, address = {New York} } @Article{ brachman83, author = {Ronald J. Brachman}, title = {What {IS-A} is and Isn't: An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks}, journal = {IEEE Computer}, year = 1983, volume = 16, number = 10, pages = {30--36} } @Book{ brachman_levesque85, editor = {Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque}, title = {Readings in knowledge representation}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1985, address = {Los Altos} } @InCollection{ brachman_mcguinness_etal91, author = {Ronald J. Brachman and D. McGuinness and P. Patel-Schneider and L. Resnick and A. Borgida}, title = {Living with {CLASSIC}: When and how to use a {KL-ONE}-like language}, booktitle = {Principles of Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1991, pages = {401--456}, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Article{ brachman_schmolze85, author = {Ronald J. Brachman and J. G. Schmolze}, title = {An Overview of the {KL-ONE} Knowledge Representation System}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, year = 1985, volume = 9, number = 2, pages = {171--216} } @Book{ bratko86, author = {Ivan Bratko}, title = {{PROLOG} -- {P}rogrammierung f{\"u}r {K\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1986, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ bresnan01, author = {Joan W. Bresnan}, title = {Lexical-Functional Syntax}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = 2001, address = {Oxford, England} } @InProceedings{ brill_resnik94, author = {Eric Brill and Philip Resnik}, title = {A Rule-Based Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment Disambiguation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 94)}, year = 1994, pages = {1198--1204} } @Book{ brillouin62, author = {Leon Brillouin}, title = {Science and Information Theory}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1962, address = {New York}, edition = 2, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ brinkmann71, author = {H. Brinkmann}, title = {{D}ie deutsche {S}prache}, publisher = {P{\"a}dagogischer Verlag Schwann}, year = 1971, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, language = {de} } @InCollection{ briscoe91, author = {E. J. Briscoe}, title = {Lexical issues in natural language processing}, editor = {E. Klein and F. Veltman}, booktitle = {Natural Language and Speech}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, pages = {39--68}, address = {Berlin, Germany} } @InCollection{ briscoe93, author = {Ted Briscoe}, title = {Introduction}, pages = {1--12}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @InProceedings{ briscoe_carroll97, author = {Ted Briscoe and John Carroll}, title = {Automatic Extraction of Subcategorization from Corpora}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)}, year = 1997, address = {Washington D.C., USA}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9702002} } @InProceedings{ briscoe_copestake_etal90, author = {Ted Briscoe and Ann Copestake and Bran Boguraev}, title = {Enjoy the Paper: {L}exical Semantics via Lexicology}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 90)}, year = 1990, volume = 2, pages = {42--47}, address = {Helsinki, Finland} } @Book{ briscoe_copestake_etal93, editor = {Ted Briscoe and Ann Copestake and Valeria de Paiva}, title = {Inheritance, Defaults, and the Lexicon}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1993, series = {Studies in Natural Language Processing}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InProceedings{ broeker_dipper99, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Stefanie Dipper}, title = {{D}ie {K}onstruktion von {L}exika f{\"u}r die maschinelle syntaktische {A}nalyse}, editor = {Jost Gippert and Peter Olivier}, booktitle = {Multilinguale Corpora - Codierung, Strukturierung, Analyse -- 11. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Linguistische Datenverarbeitung}, year = 1999, pages = {159--168}, address = {Prague}, publisher = {Enigma} } @InProceedings{ broeker_hahn_etal93, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Udo Hahn and Susanne Schacht}, title = {Ein {P}l{\"a}doyer f{\"u}r {P}erformanzgrammatiken}, booktitle = {Proceedings der 4.~Fachtagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft}, year = 1993, pages = {6--11} } @InProceedings{ broeker_hahn_etal94, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Udo Hahn and Susanne Schacht}, title = {Concurrent Lexicalized Dependency Parsing: {T}he {ParseTalk} Model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 94)}, year = 1994, pages = {379--385} } @InCollection{ broeker_strube_etal97, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Michael Strube and Susanne Schacht and Udo Hahn}, title = {Coarse-Grained Parallelism in Natural Language Understanding: Parsing as Message Passing}, pages = {301--317}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @InProceedings{ brooks81, author = {R. A. Brooks}, title = {Symbolic Reasoning among 3d-Objects and 2d-Models}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {619--624}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ brooks85, author = {R. A. Brooks}, title = {Programming in Common {LISP}}, publisher = {John Wiley}, year = 1985, address = {New York} } @Article{ brooks91, author = {Rodney A. Brooks}, title = {Intelligence Without Representation}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 47, pages = {139--159} } @Article{ brown_pietra_etal93, author = {Peter F. Brown and Vincent J. Della Pietra and Stephen A. Della Pietra and Robert L Mercer}, title = {The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1993, volume = 19, number = 2, pages = {263--311} } @Article{ brown_tong_etal83, author = {H. Brown and C. Tong and G. Foyster}, title = {{PALLADIO}: An Exploratory Environment for Circuit Design}, journal = {IEEE Computer}, year = 1983, volume = 12, pages = {41--55} } @Book{ brownston_farrell_etal85, author = {L. Brownston and R. Farrell and E. Kant and N. Martin}, title = {Programming Expert Systems in {OPS 5}: {A}n Introduction to Rule-based Programming}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1985, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ broy95, author = {Manfred Broy}, title = {{I}nformatik. {E}ine grundlegende {E}inf{\"u}hrung. {T}eil {IV}: {T}heoretische {I}nformatik, {A}lgorithmen und {D}atenstrukturen, {L}ogikprogrammierung, {O}bjektorientierung}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1995, address = {Berlin}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ bruce75, author = {B. Bruce}, title = {Case Systems for Natural Language}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1975, volume = 6, number = 4, pages = {327--360} } @MastersThesis{ brueck01, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck}}, title = {Wissensverarbeitung und Inferenz f{\"u}r Geb{\"a}udenavigation}, school = {Universit{\"a}t des Saarlandes}, year = 2001, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @TechReport{ brueck08, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck}}, title = {Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Automatic Knowledge Acquisition and Readability Analysis}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2008, number = {346-6/2008} } @InProceedings{ brueck_busemann06, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Stephan Busemann}, title = {Automatic Error Correction for Tree-Mapping Grammars}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {1--8}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, annote = {editor: Miriam Butt}, isbn = {3-89318-050-8}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/brueck-busemann-konvens06.pdf} } @Article{ brueck_busemann07, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Stephan Busemann}, title = {Suggesting Error Corrections of Path Expressions and Categories for Tree-Mapping Grammars}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft}, year = 2007, volume = 26, number = 2 } @InCollection{ brueck_hartrumpf07, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {A Semantically Oriented Readability Checker for {G}erman}, editor = {Zygmunt Vetulani}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Language \& Technology Conference}, publisher = {Wydawnictwo Pozna{\'n}skie}, year = 2007, pages = {270--274}, address = {Pozna{\'n}, Poland}, month = oct, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/brueck_hartrumpf07_online.pdf} , isbn = {978-83-7177-407-2} } @TechReport{ brueck_hartrumpf_etal07, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Rainer Osswald}, title = {{BenToWeb} Deliverable {D6.4}}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2007, url = {http://www.bentoweb.org/documents}, annote = {Evaluation Report and Recommendations for the Further Development of Guidelines and for the Standardization Tasks from an {NLP} Point of View} } @InProceedings{ brueck_hartrumpf_etal08, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig}, title = {A Readability Checker with Supervised Learning using Deep Syntactic and Semantic Indicators}, editor = {Toma\v{z} Erjavec and Jerneja \v{Z}ganec Gros}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Multiconference: Information Society - IS 2008 - Language Technologies}, year = 2008, pages = {92--97}, address = {Ljubljana, Slovenia}, month = oct, isbn = {987-961-264-006-4} } @Article{ brueck_hartrumpf_etal08b, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig}, title = {A Readability Checker with Supervised Learning using Deep Indicators}, journal = {Informatica}, year = 2008, volume = 32, number = 4, pages = {429--435} } @TechReport{ brueck_helbig_etal08, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Hermann Helbig and Johannes Leveling}, title = {The Readability Checker {DeLite}}, institution = {Fakult{\"a}t f{\"u}r Mathematik und Informatik, FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2008, number = {345-5/2008}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/DeLite_techreport.pdf} } @InCollection{ brueck_leveling07, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Parameter Learning for a Readability Checking Tool}, editor = {Alexander Hinneburg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the LWA 2007 (Lernen-Wissen-Adaption), Workshop KDML}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, year = 2007, address = {Halle/Saale, Germany}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/brueck_leveling07.pdf} } @InProceedings{ brueck_stenzhorn08, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Holger Stenzhorn}, title = {A Dynamic Approach for Automatic Error Detection in Generation Grammars}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)}, year = 2008, address = {Patras, Greece}, month = jul, isbn = {978-1-58603-891-5} } @InProceedings{ brueggemann-klein_cyranek_etal95, author = {A. Br{\"u}ggemann-Klein and G. Cyranek and A. Endres}, title = {Die Fachlichen {I}nformations- und {P}ublikationsdienste der {Z}ukunft. {E}ine {I}nitative der {GI}}, editor = {F. Huber-W{\"a}sche}, booktitle = {Proc. GISI-95}, year = 1995, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @MastersThesis{ bruker08, author = {Astrid Bruker}, title = {Entwurf und Realisierung von Lexikoneintr{\"a}gen f{\"u}r Funktionsverbgef{\"u}ge der deutschen Sprache}, school = {FernUniverstit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2008, type = {Diplomarbeit}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = apr } @Article{ buchanan_feigenbaum78, author = {B. G. Buchanan and E. A. Feigenbaum}, title = {{DENDRAL} and {META} {DENDRAL}: Their Applications Dimensions}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1978, volume = 11, number = {1/2}, pages = {5--24} } @Book{ buchanan_shortliffe84, author = {Bruce G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe}, title = {Rule-Based Expert Systems: {T}he {MYCIN} Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ buchholz01, author = {Sabine Buchholz}, title = {Using Grammatical Relations, Answer Frequencies and the World Wide Web for {TREC} Question Answering}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {502--509} } @InProceedings{ buchholz_daelemans01, author = {Sabine Buchholz and Walter Daelemans}, title = {{SHAPAQA}: {S}hallow Parsing for Question Answering on the World Wide Web}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {47--51}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep } @MastersThesis{ buergle05, author = {Michaela B{\"u}rgle}, title = {{K}onzeption und {R}ealisierung einer {XML}-basierten {D}arstellung f{\"u}r das {C}omputerlexikon {HaGenLex}}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2005, type = {Bachelor's Thesis}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = apr } @PhDThesis{ buitelaar98, author = {Paul Buitelaar}, title = {{CoreLex}: Systematic Polysemy and Underspecification}, school = {Brandeis University}, year = 1998, address = {Waltham, Massachusetts}, month = feb } @InCollection{ buitelaar98b, author = {Paul Buitelaar}, title = {{CoreLex}: An Ontology of Systematic Polysemous Classes}, editor = {Nicola Guarino}, booktitle = {Formal Ontology in Information Systems. Proceedings of FOIS'98}, publisher = {IOS Press}, year = 1998, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ bunge87, author = {Mario Bunge}, title = {Kausalit{\"a}t, Geschichte und Probleme}, publisher = {J.C.B. Mohr}, year = 1987, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ burger_cardie_etal01, author = {John Burger and Claire Cardie and Vinay Chaudhri and Robert Gaizauskas and Sanda Harabagiu and David Israel and Christian Jacquemin and Chin-Yew Lin and Steve Maiorano and George Miller and Dan Moldovan and Bill Ogden and John Prager and Ellen Riloff and Amit Singhal and Rohini Shrihari and Tomek Strzalkowski and Ellen Voorhees and Ralph Weischedel}, title = {Issues, Tasks and Program Structures to Roadmap Research in Question \& Answering ({Q\&A})}, institution = {NIST}, year = 2001, url = {http://www-nlpir.nist.gov/projects/duc/papers} } @Article{ bushnell_director87, author = {M. L. Bushnell and W. S. Director}, title = {{ULYSSES} - a knowledge based {VLSI} design environment}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence Engineering}, year = 1987, volume = 2, number = 1, pages = {33--41} } @Book{ bussmann90, author = {Hadumod Bu{\ss}mann}, title = {Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft}, publisher = {Kr{\"o}ner}, year = 1990, address = {Stuttgart}, edition = 2 } @Book{ bussmann96, author = {Hadumod Bu{\ss}mann}, title = {Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = 1996, address = {London} } @Book{ byrne_johnson-laird91, author = {Ruth M. J. Byrne and Philip N. Johnson-Laird}, title = {Deduction. {E}ssays in Cognitive Science and Psychology}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, year = 1991, address = {Hillsdale} } @Article{ byron01, author = {Donna K. Byron}, title = {The Uncommon Denominator: A Proposal for Consistent Reporting of Pronoun Resolution Results}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {569--577}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ byron_tetreault99, author = {Donna K. Byron and Joel R. Tetreault}, title = {A Flexible Architecture for Reference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'99)}, year = 1999, pages = {229--232} } @InProceedings{ cardie_wagstaff99, author = {Claire Cardie and Kiri Wagstaff}, title = {Noun Phrase Coreference as Clustering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {82--89}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou} } @Book{ carlson_pelletier95, editor = {Gregory N. Carlson and Francis J. Pelletier}, title = {The Generic Book}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1995, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ carnap47, author = {R. Carnap}, title = {Meaning and Necessity}, publisher = {Chicago University Press}, year = 1947, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ carnap69, author = {R. Carnap}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {P}ilosophie der {N}aturwissenschaft}, publisher = {Nymphenburger}, year = 1969, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ carpenter92, author = {Bob Carpenter}, title = {The Logic of Typed Feature Structures}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1992, series = {Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ carpenter93, author = {Bob Carpenter}, title = {Skeptical and Credulous Default Unification with Applications to Templates and Inheritance}, pages = {13--37}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @InProceedings{ carpuat_su_etal04, author = {Marine Carpuat and Weifeng Su and Dekai Wu}, title = {Augmenting ensemble classification for word sense disambiguation with a Kernel PCA model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Senseval-3, Third International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems}, year = 2004, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, publisher = {SIGLEX, Association for Computational Linguistics} } @InProceedings{ cassan_figueira_etal06, author = {Ad{\'a}n Cassan and Helena Figueira and Andr{\'e} Martins and Afonso Mendes and Pedro Mendes and Cl{\'a}udia Pinto and Daniel Vidal}, title = {{Priberam's} Question Answering System in a Cross-Language Environment}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, Portuguese and Spanish} } @Book{ castell_drieschner_etal77, editor = {L. Castell and M. Drieschner and C. F. v. Weizs{\"a}cker}, title = {Quantum Theory and the Structure of Time and Space, II}, publisher = {Hanser}, year = 1977, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @TechReport{ cercone75, author = {Nick Cercone}, title = {Representing Natural Language in Extended Semantic Networks}, institution = {Department of Computer Science, The University of Alberta}, year = 1975, number = {TR75-11}, address = {Edmonton, Canada}, month = jul, bib = {PI7} } @Manual{ ces00, author = {Nancy Ide and Greg Priest-Dorman and Jean V{\'e}ronis}, title = {{XCES} -- Corpus Encoding Standard for {XML}}, year = 2000, annote = {\url{http://www.cs.vassar.edu/XCES/}}, url = {http://www.cs.vassar.edu/XCES/} } @Manual{ ces96, author = {Nancy Ide and Greg Priest-Dorman and Jean V{\'e}ronis}, title = {Corpus Encoding Standard}, year = 1996, annote = {\url{http://www.cs.vassar.edu/CES/}}, url = {http://www.cs.vassar.edu/CES/} } @Article{ cesarini_soda91, author = {F. Cesarini and G. Soda}, title = {A Dynamic Hash Method with Signature}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Database Systems}, year = 1991, volume = 16, number = 2, pages = {309--337}, month = jun } @Book{ chafe76, author = {W. Chafe}, title = {{B}edeutung und {S}prachstruktur}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1976, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ chaffin_herrmann88, author = {R. Chaffin and D. J. Herrmann}, title = {The Nature of Semantic Relations: a Comparison of Two Approaches}, editor = {M. Evens}, booktitle = {Relational Models of the Lexicon -- Representing Knowledge in Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1988, chapter = 13, pages = {289--334}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ chaib-draa92, author = {B. Chaib-draa}, title = {Distributed Artificial Intelligence: an Annotated Bibliography}, journal = {{SIGART} Bulletin}, year = 1992, volume = 3, number = 3 } @Book{ chall_dale95, author = {Jeanne Chall and Edgar Dale}, title = {Readability Revisited: The New Dale-Chall Readability Formula}, publisher = {Brookline Books}, year = 1995, address = {Brookline, Massachusetts} } @Article{ chandrasekar_srinivas97, author = {Raman Chandrasekar and Bangalore Srinivas}, title = {Automatic Induction of Rules for Text Simplification}, journal = {Knowledge-Based Systems}, year = 1997, volume = 10, pages = {183--190} } @Article{ chandrasekaran_josephson_etal99, author = {B. Chandrasekaran and J. R. Josephson and V. R. Benjamins}, title = {What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them}, journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems}, year = 1999, volume = 14, number = 1, pages = {20--26} } @Book{ chang_lee73, author = {Chin-Liang Chang and Richard Char-Tung Lee}, title = {Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1973, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ chaudhri_murray_etal04, author = {Vinay K. Chaudhri and Kenneth S. Murray and John Pacheco and Peter Clark and Bruce W. Porter and Patrick J. Hayes}, title = {Graph-Based Acquisition of Expressive Knowledge}, booktitle = {EKAW}, year = 2004, pages = {231--247} } @InProceedings{ chein_mugnier97, author = {Michel Chein and Marie-Laure Mugnier}, title = {Positive Nested Conceptual Graphs}, editor = {Dickson Lukose and Harry Delugach and Mary Keeler and Leroy Searle and John F. Sowa}, booktitle = {Conceptual Structures: Fulfilling Peirce's Dream (Fifth International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'97)}, year = 1997, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {95--109}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1257 } @Article{ chen76, author = {P. P. S. Chen}, title = {The Entity-Relatonship Model - towards a Unified View of Data}, journal = {{ACM} Transactions on Data Base Systems}, year = 1976, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {9--36} } @Article{ chomsky56, author = {N. Chomsky}, title = {Three Models for the Description of Language}, journal = {{IRE} Transactions on Information Theory}, year = 1956, volume = 2, pages = {113--124} } @Book{ chomsky65, author = {Noam Chomsky}, title = {Aspects of the Theory of Syntax}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1965, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ chomsky81, author = {Noam Chomsky}, title = {Lectures on Government and Binding}, publisher = {Foris}, year = 1981, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ christmann, author = {Ursula Christmann}, title = {Modelle der Textverarbeitung: Textbeschreibung als Textverstehen}, publisher = {Aschendorff}, year = 1989, address = {M{\"u}nster} } @Article{ church_patil82, author = {Kenneth Church and Ramesh Patil}, title = {Coping with Syntactic Ambiguity or How to Put the Block in the Box on the Table}, journal = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics}, year = 1982, volume = 8, number = {3--4}, pages = {139--149}, keywords = {augmented transition network, context-free grammar, formal specification, parsing, structural ambiguity} } @Unpublished{ clahsen04, author = {Harald Clahsen}, title = {Linguistic Perspectives on Morphological Processing}, year = 2004, note = {Unpublished} } @InCollection{ clahsen_sonnenstuhl_etal03, author = {Harald Clahsen and Ingrid Sonnenstuhl and James P. Blevins}, title = {Derivational Morphology in the {G}erman Mental Lexicon: A Dual-Mechanism Account}, editor = {H. Baayen and R. Schreuder}, booktitle = {Morphological Structure in Language Processing}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 2003, pages = {125--155}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ clark77, author = {Herbert H. Clark}, title = {Bridging}, editor = {Philip N. Johnson-Laird and Peter C. Wason}, booktitle = {Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1977, pages = {411--420}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ clark_mccabe79, author = {K. L. Clark and F. McCabe}, title = {The Control Facilities of {IC-PROLOG}}, booktitle = {Expert systems in the micro electronic age}, publisher = {Edinburgh University Press}, year = 1979, pages = {122--149}, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland} } @Book{ clarke_mccabe84, author = {K. L. Clarke and F. G. McCabe}, title = {Micro-{PROLOG}: Programming in logic}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1984, address = {Englewood Cliffs} } @InProceedings{ clematide03, author = {Simon Clematide}, title = {{G}erma{N}et und {U}ni{N}et: {A}nkn{\"u}pfen an semantische {N}etze}, editor = {Claudia Kunze and Lothar Lemnitzer and Andreas Wagner}, booktitle = {GermaNet-Workshop ''Anwendungen des deutsches Wortnetzes in Theorie und Praxis''}, year = 2003, pages = {114--119}, publisher = {Seminar f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft / Abteilung Computerlinguistik, T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ cleverdon_mills_keen66, author = {Cyril W. Cleverdon and Jack Mills and Michael Keen}, title = {Factors Determining the Performance of Indexing Systems. {Vol. 1} - {D}esign. {ASLIB} {C}ranfield {P}roject}, institution = {Cranfield, UK}, year = 1966, type = {Technical {R}eport} } @InCollection{ clifton_ferreira87, author = {Charles Clifton and Fernanda Ferreira}, title = {Discourse Structure and Anaphora: Some Experimental Results}, editor = {Max Coltheart}, booktitle = {Attention and Performance}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1987, volume = 12, pages = {777--793}, address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey} } @Misc{ clinger91, author = {W. Clinger and J. Rees}, title = {The revised 4 report on the algorithmic language Scheme}, year = 1991, text = {William Clinger and Jonathan A. Rees, editors. The revised 4 report on the algorithmic language {S}cheme. Lisp Pointers 4(3), ACM, 1991.} } @Book{ clocksin_mellish81, author = {W. F. Clocksin and C. S. Mellish}, title = {Programming in {PROLOG}}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1981, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ codasyl78, author = {{CODASYL}}, title = {Report of the {D}ata {D}escription {L}anguage {C}ommitee}, journal = {Journal of Development}, year = 1978, month = jan, address = {Ottawa} } @Article{ codd70, author = {E. F. Codd}, title = {A Relational Model for Large Shared Data Banks}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1970, volume = 13, pages = {377--387} } @Book{ cohen_feigenbaum83, editor = {P. R. Cohen and E. A. Feigenbaum}, title = {The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {William Kaufmann}, year = 1983, volume = 3, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ cohen_howe88, author = {Paul R. Cohen and Adele Howe}, title = {How Evaluation Guides {AI} Research}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = 1988, volume = 9, number = 4, pages = {35--43} } @Article{ collins-thompson_callan05, author = {Kevyn Collins-Thompson and Jamie Callan}, title = {Predicting Reading Difficulty with Statistical Language Models}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology}, year = 2005, volume = 56, number = 13, pages = {1448--1462} } @InProceedings{ collins_brooks95, author = {Michael Collins and James Brooks}, title = {Prepositional Phrase Attachment through a Backed-Off Model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora (WVLC-3)}, year = 1995, pages = {27--38}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, annote = {\url{http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9506021}}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9506021} } @InCollection{ condon_thompson82, author = {J. H. Condon and K. Thompson}, title = {Belle Chess Hardware}, editor = {M. R. B. Clarke}, booktitle = {Advances in Computer Chess}, publisher = {Pergamon Press}, year = 1982, volume = {III}, pages = {45--54}, address = {Oxford} } @InProceedings{ connolly_burger_etal94, author = {Dennis Connolly and John D. Burger and David S. Day}, title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Anaphoric Reference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP)}, year = 1994, pages = {255--261}, address = {Manchester, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ connolly_burger_etal97, author = {Dennis Connolly and John D. Burger and David S. Day}, title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Anaphoric Reference}, pages = {133--144}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @Book{ conrad78, author = {R. Conrad}, title = {Studien zur {S}yntax und {S}emantik von {F}rage und {A}ntwort}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1978, volume = {{XIX}}, series = {Studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ conrad85, author = {R. Conrad}, title = {Lexikon sprachwissenschaftlicher Termini}, publisher = {Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1985, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ copestake92, author = {Ann Copestake}, title = {The {ACQUILEX LKB}: representation issues in semi-automatic acquistion of large lexicons}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing ({ANLP}-92)}, year = 1992, pages = {88--96}, address = {Trento} } @InCollection{ copestake93, author = {Ann Copestake}, title = {Defaults in Lexical Representation}, pages = {223--245}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @TechReport{ copestake93b, author = {Ann Copestake}, title = {The Compleat {LKB}}, institution = {Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge}, year = 1993, type = {Technical Report}, number = 316, address = {Cambridge, England}, month = aug } @InCollection{ copestake_sanfilippo_etal93, author = {Ann Copestake and Antonio Sanfilippo and Ted Briscoe and Valeria de Paiva}, title = {The {ACQUILEX} {LKB}: {A}n Introduction}, pages = {148--163}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @Manual{ cornell-university97, title = {NCSTRL-URL}, organization = {Cornell University}, year = 1997, url = {http://www.ncstrl.org/Dienst/htdocs/Info/faq.html}, key = {Cornell University} } @Book{ cornell_horstmann96, author = {Gary Cornell and Cay S. Horstmann}, title = {Java bis ins Detail (Core Java)}, publisher = {Heise}, year = 1996, address = {Hannover} } @Book{ covington94, author = {Michael A. Covington}, title = {Natural Language Processing for Prolog Programmers}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1994, address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey} } @InCollection{ crain_steedman85, author = {Stephen Crain and Mark Steedman}, title = {On not being led up the garden path: the use of context by the psychological syntax processor}, pages = {320--358}, crossref = {dowty_karttunen_etal85} } @Book{ crocco_farinas_etal95, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, title = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, address = {Oxford}, number = 5 } @InBook{ crocco_farinas_etal95b, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, title = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, chapter = {1, Introduction}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, address = {Oxford} } @Book{ crocker96, author = {Matthew W. Crocker}, title = {Computational Psycholinguistics}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1996, volume = 20, series = {Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ cruse95, author = {D. A. Cruse}, title = {Polysemy and related phenomena from a cognitive linguistic point of view}, editor = {Patrick Saint-Dizier and Evelyne Viegas}, booktitle = {Computational Lexical Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1995, pages = {33--49}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InProceedings{ cui_sun_etal05, author = {Hang Cui and Renxu Sun and Keya Li and Min-Yen Kan and Tat-Seng Chua}, title = {Question Answering Passage Retrieval Using Dependency Relations}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference (SIGIR 2005)}, year = 2005, pages = {400--407}, address = {Salvador, Brazil}, month = aug } @Article{ cummings_benson_etal85, author = {J. L. Cummings and D. F. Benson and M. A. Hill}, title = {Aphasia in Dementia of the {A}lzheimer Type}, journal = {Neurology}, year = 1985, volume = 29, pages = {315--323} } @InProceedings{ cunningham_veale91, author = {P{\'a}draig Cunningham and Tony Veale}, title = {Organizational Issues Arising from the Integration of the Lexicon and Concept Network in a Text Understanding System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 2, pages = {986--991} } @InProceedings{ cyre98, author = {Walling R. Cyre}, title = {Executing Conceptual Graphs}, editor = {Marie-Laure Mugnier and Michel Chein}, booktitle = {Conceptual Structures: Theory, Tools and Applications (6th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'98)}, year = 1998, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {51--64}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1453 } @InCollection{ daelemans95, author = {Walter Daelemans}, title = {Memory-Based Lexical Acquisition and Processing}, editor = {Petra Steffens}, booktitle = {Machine Translation and the Lexicon}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1995, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 898}, pages = {85--98}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://pcger40.uia.ac.be/walter/papers/mltagging.ps} } @InCollection{ daelemans99, author = {Walter Daelemans}, title = {Machine Learning Approaches}, editor = {Hans {van Halteren}}, booktitle = {Syntactic Wordclass Tagging}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1999, pages = {285--304}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ daelemans_de-smedt_etal92, author = {Walter Daelemans and Koenraad {De Smedt} and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {Inheritance in Natural Language Processing}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 2, pages = {205--218} } @InCollection{ daelemans_durieux00, author = {Walter Daelemans and Gert Durieux}, title = {Inductive Lexica}, editor = {Frank Van Eynde and Dafyddd Gibbon}, booktitle = {Lexicon Development for Speech and Language Processing}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 2000, pages = {115--139}, address = {Dortrecht}, url = {http://pcger40.uia.ac.be/walter/papers/dd00.ps} } @InCollection{ daelemans_gilles_etal97, author = {Walter Daelemans and Steven Gilles and Gert Durieux}, title = {Skousen's Analogical Modeling Algorithm: A comparison with Lazy Learning}, pages = {3--15}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @TechReport{ daelemans_van-den-bosch_etal97, author = {Walter Daelemans and Antal {van den Bosch} and Ton Weijters}, title = {IGTree: Using Trees for Compression and Classification in Lazy Learning Algorithms}, institution = {ILK}, year = 1997, type = {Technical Report}, number = {97-01} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal00, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 3.0, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2000, type = {Technical Report}, number = {00-01}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/~ilk/papers/ilk0001.ps.gz} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal01, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 4.0, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2001, type = {Technical Report}, number = {01-04}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/downloads/pub/papers/ilk0104.ps.gz} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal02, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 4.2, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2002, type = {Technical Report}, number = {02-01}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/downloads/pub/papers/} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal04, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 5.1, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2004, type = {Technical Report}, number = {04-02}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/downloads/pub/papers/} } @InProceedings{ dagan_itai90, author = {Ido Dagan and Alon Itai}, title = {Automatic Processing of Large Corpora for the Resolution of Anaphora References}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 90)}, year = 1990, volume = 3, pages = {330--332}, address = {Helsinki, Finland} } @Book{ dahlgren88, author = {Kathleen Dahlgren}, title = {Naive Semantics for Natural Language Understanding}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1988, series = {Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation}, address = {Boston} } @Article{ daneman_carpenter80, author = {Meredyth Daneman and Patricia A. Carpenter}, title = {Individual Differences in Working Memory and Reading}, journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior}, year = 1980, volume = 19, pages = {450--466} } @InProceedings{ dang_lin_etal06, author = {Hoa Trang Dang and Jimmy Lin and Diane Kelly}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2006 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2006})}, year = 2006, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ dang_lin_etal07, author = {Hoa Trang Dang and Jimmy Lin and Diane Kelly}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2007 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixteenth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2007})}, year = 2007, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST}, annote = {not yet available, 2008-06-30} } @Book{ danvy_gluck_etal96, editor = {Olivier Danvy and Robert Gl{\"u}ck and Peter Thiemann}, title = {Partial Evaluation}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, address = {Berlin}, number = 1110 } @Book{ date97, author = {Chris J. Date}, title = {A guide to the SQL standard : a user's guide to the standard relational language SQL}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1997, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ davidson01, editor = {Donald Davidson}, title = {Essays on Actions and Events}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 2001, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ davidson67, author = {Donald Davidson}, title = {The Logical Form of Action Sentences}, editor = {N. Rescher}, booktitle = {The Logic of Decision and Action}, publisher = {The University Press}, year = 1967, pages = {81--95}, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania} } @Book{ davidson_harman72, editor = {Donald Davidson and Gilbert H. Harman}, title = {Semantics of Natural Language}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1972, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @TechReport{ davies_poesio98, author = {Sarah Davies and Massimo Poesio}, title = {{MATE} Deliverable {D1.1} Supported Coding Schemes - Coding Schemes for Co-reference}, institution = {{MATE}}, year = 1998, url = {http://www.dfki.de/mate/d11/} } @InProceedings{ davies_russel87, author = {T. R. Davies and S. J. Russel}, title = {A Logical Approach to Reasoning by Analogy}, booktitle = {International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-87)}, year = 1987, pages = {264--270}, address = {Mailand} } @InCollection{ davis84, author = {R. Davis}, title = {Interactive Transfer of Expertise}, editor = {B. G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe}, booktitle = {Rule based expert systems. The MYCIN experiments of the Stanford heuristic programming project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, pages = {171--205,507--530}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ day_aberdeen_etal97, author = {David Day and John Aberdeen and Lynette Hirschman and Robyn Kozierok and Patricia Robinson and Marc Vilain}, title = {Mixed-Initiative Development of Language Processing Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)}, year = 1997, pages = {}, address = {Washington D.C., USA} } @Book{ dbv-osi96, author = {Deutsche Bibliothek}, title = {\\ (http://www.ddb.de/partner/dbv-osi\_II.htm: German version),\\ (http://www.ddb.de/partner/dbv-osi\_ii\_engl.htm: English version)}, publisher = {Deutsche Bibliothek}, year = 1997 } @InProceedings{ delisle_szpakowicz97, author = {Sylvain Delisle and Stan Szpakowicz}, title = {Extraction of Predicate-Argument Structures from Texts}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP'97)}, year = 1997, pages = {318--323}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep } @Misc{ delta84, author = {DELTA/CATS-1}, title = {The {A}rtificial {I}nteligence {R}eport 1}, year = 1984, note = {zitiert nach [Wate85]}, volume = 1 } @TechReport{ denber98, author = {Michel Denber}, title = {Automatic Resolution of Anaphora in {E}nglish}, institution = {Eastman Kodak}, year = 1998, type = {Technial Report} } @Book{ deransart_ed-dbali_etal96, author = {Pierre Deransart and AbdelAli Ed-Dbali and Laurant Cervoni}, title = {Prolog: {T}he Standard}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ devos_adriaens_etal88, author = {M. Devos and G. Adriaens and Y. D. Willems}, title = {The Parallel Expert Parser (PEP): A Thoroughly Revised Descendant of the Word Expert Parser (WEP)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 88)}, year = 1988, pages = {142--147} } @InProceedings{ diab_resnik02, author = {Mona Diab and Philip Resnik}, title = {An Unsupervised Method for Word Sense Tagging using Parallel Corpora}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2002)}, year = 2002, pages = {255--262}, address = {Philadelphia}, month = jul } @Article{ dickes_steiwer77, author = {Paul Dickes and Laure Steiwer}, title = {Ausarbeitung von {L}esbarkeitsformeln f{\"u}r die deutsche {S}prache}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und P{\"a}dagogische Psychologie}, year = 1977, volume = 9, pages = {20--28} } @Article{ dietterich_michalsky81, author = {G. T. Dietterich and S. R. Michalsky}, title = {Inductive Learning of Structual Descriptions}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1981, volume = 16, number = 3, pages = {257--294} } @InCollection{ doelling77, author = {E. D{\"o}lling}, title = {Einige {A}spekte einer {L}ogik Empirischer {Z}usammenh{\"a}nge}, editor = {H. Wessel}, booktitle = {Logik und empirische Wissenschaften}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1977, pages = {130--148}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ doerre_eisele89, author = {Jochen D{\"o}rre and Andreas Eisele}, title = {Determining Consistency of Feature Terms with Distributed Disjunctions}, editor = {D. Metzing}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th German Workshop on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1989, pages = {270--279}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @TechReport{ doerre_seiffert91, author = {Jochen D{\"o}rre and Roland Seiffert}, title = {Sorted Terms and Relational Dependencies}, institution = {IBM Deutschland}, year = 1991, type = {{IWBS} Report}, number = 153, address = {Stuttgart}, month = feb } @InCollection{ donini96, author = {Francesco M. Donini and Maurizio Lenzerini and Daniele Nardi and Andrea Schaerf}, title = {Reasoning in Description Logics}, editor = {Gerhard Brewka}, booktitle = {Principles of Knowledge Representation}, publisher = {{CSLI} Publications}, year = 1996, series = {Studies in Logic, Language and Information}, pages = {193--238} } @InProceedings{ doran_michie66, author = {J. Doran and D. Michie}, title = {Experiments with the Graph Traverser Program}, booktitle = {Proc. of the Rojal Society}, year = 1966, volume = {294 Ser. A}, pages = {235--259}, address = {London} } @InCollection{ dowty89, author = {David R. Dowty}, title = {On the semantic content of the notion of `thematic role'}, editor = {Gennaro Chierchia and Barbara H. Partee and Raymond Turner}, booktitle = {Properties, Types and Meaning}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1989, volume = {2: Semantic Issues}, pages = {69--129}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, bib = {HA BEP/CHI 89/4609} } @Book{ dowty91, author = {David R. Dowty}, title = {Word Meaning and {M}ontague Grammar}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1991, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ dowty_karttunen_etal85, editor = {David R. Dowty and Lauri Karttunen and Arnold M. Zwicky}, title = {Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ doyle79, author = {J. Doyle}, title = {A Truth Maintenance System}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1979, volume = 12, pages = {231--272} } @InCollection{ dreger_etal98, author = {M. Dreger and S. Lohrum and N. Fuhr and K. Gro{\ss}johann}, title = {Provider Selection -- Design and Implementation of the {MeDoc} Broker}, editor = {A. Barth and A. Endres and A. de Kemp and M. Breu}, booktitle = {Digital Libraries in Computer Science: The MeDoc Approach}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, volume = 1392, series = {LNCS}, pages = {67--78} } @Book{ dreyfus-dreyfus87, author = {Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus}, title = {{K}{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz -- {V}on den {G}renzen der {D}enkmaschine und dem {W}ert der Intuition}, publisher = {Rowohlt}, year = 1987, address = {Reinbeck b. {H}amburg} } @Book{ drosdowski84, editor = {G{\"u}nter Drosdowski}, title = {Duden}, publisher = {Dudenverlag}, year = 1984, volume = 4, address = {Mannheim, Germany}, edition = 4 } @Book{ drosdowski95, editor = {G{\"u}nter Drosdowski}, title = {Duden}, publisher = {Dudenverlag}, year = 1995, volume = 4, address = {Mannheim, Germany}, edition = 5 } @Book{ drosdowski_mueller_etal85, editor = {G{\"u}nter Drosdowski and Wolfgang M{\"u}ller and Werner Scholze-Stubenrecht and Matthias Wermke}, title = {Duden}, publisher = {Dudenverlag}, year = 1985, volume = 9, address = {Mannheim, Germany}, edition = 3 } @Unpublished{ dubay04, author = {William H. DuBay}, title = {Principles of Readability}, year = 2004, note = {Unpublished, online available at http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/readability02.pdf} } @InCollection{ duffy85, author = {Thomas M. Duffy}, title = {Readability formulas: What's the Use?}, editor = {Thomas M. Duffy and Robert Waller}, booktitle = {Designing Usable Texts}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1985, pages = {113--143}, address = {Orlando, FL} } @Article{ earley70, author = {J. Earley}, title = {An Efficient Context-Free Parsing Algorithm}, journal = {Communications of the ACM}, year = 1970, volume = 6, number = 8, pages = {451--455} } @InProceedings{ echihabi_oard_etal03, author = {Abdessamad Echihabi and Douglas W. Oard and Daniel Marcu and Ulf Hermjakob}, title = {Cross-Language Question Answering at the {USC} {I}nformation {S}ciences {I}nstitute}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2003 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2003 Workshop}, year = 2003, pages = {331--337}, address = {Trondheim, Norway}, month = aug, annote = {publisher Centromedia} } @InProceedings{ eckle_heid96, author = {Judith Eckle and Ulrich Heid}, title = {Extracting raw material for a {G}erman subcategorization lexicon from newspaper text}, booktitle = {Proceedings of COMPLEX 96}, year = 1996 } @Manual{ ecrc95, title = {ECLiPSe 3.5: User Manual -- Extensions User Manual}, organization = {ECRC GmbH}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, month = dec, year = 1995, editor = {ECRC}, key = {ECLiPSe} } @Book{ eimer87, author = {Martin Eimer}, title = {Konzepte von {K}ausalit{\"a}t: {V}erursachungszusammenh{\"a}nge und psychologische {B}egriffsbildung}, publisher = {Verlag Hans Huber}, year = 1987, address = {Bern} } @PhDThesis{ eimermacher88, author = {Michael Eimermacher}, title = {Wortorientiertes Parsen}, school = {TU Berlin}, year = 1988, address = {Berlin}, bib = {PI7} } @InProceedings{ eisele_brueck04, author = {Andreas Eisele and Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck}}, title = {Similarity Based Lookup For Trademark Search}, editor = {Susanne Biundo}, booktitle = {27th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI)}, year = 2004, address = {Ulm, Germany}, month = oct, publisher = {Springer}, note = {{S}pringer Best Paper Award}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/eisele_brueck_2004.pdf} } @InProceedings{ eisele_doerre88, author = {Andreas Eisele and Jochen D{\"o}rre}, title = {Unification of Disjunctive Feature Descriptions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1988, pages = {286--294}, comment = {address = {Stanford, California}} } @InProceedings{ ellsworth_erk_etal04, author = {M. Ellsworth and K. Erk and P. Kingsbury and S. Pado}, title = {Prop{B}ank, {SALSA}, and {F}rame{}Net: How Design Determines Product}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Workshop on Building Lexical Resources from Semantically Annotated Corpora}, year = 2004, address = {Lisbon, Portugal} } @InProceedings{ ellsworth_etal04, author = {M. Ellsworth and K. Erk and P. Kingsbury and S. Pado}, title = {Prop{B}ank, {SALSA}, and {F}rame{}Net: How Design Determines Product}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Workshop on Building Lexical Resources from Semantically Annotated Corpora}, year = 2004, address = {Lisbon, Portugal} } @Book{ elmasri_navathe94, author = {Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe}, title = {Fundamentals of Database Systems}, publisher = {Benjamin/Cummings}, year = 1994, address = {Redwood City, California}, edition = 2 } @Book{ engelmore_morgan88, author = {Robert Engelmore and Tony Morgan}, title = {Blackboard Systems}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1988, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ erbach95, author = {Gregor Erbach}, title = {{ProFIT}: {P}rolog with Features, Inheritance and Templates}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'95)}, year = 1995, pages = {180--187}, address = {Dublin, Ireland} } @InProceedings{ erbach97, author = {Gregor Erbach and G{\"u}nter Neumann and Hans Uszkoreit}, title = {Multilingual Indexing, Navigation and Editing Extensions for the World-Wide Web.}, booktitle = {AAAI Symposium on Cross-Language Text and Speech Retrieval}, year = 1997 } @InCollection{ erku_gundel87, author = {Feride Erk{\"u} and Jeanette Gundel}, title = {The Pragmatics of Indirect Anaphors}, editor = {Jef Verschueren and Marcella Bertuccelli-Papi}, booktitle = {The Pragmatic Perspective: Selected Papers from the 1985 International Pragmatics Conference}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = 1987, pages = {533--545}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ erman_hayes-roth_etal80, author = {L. D. Erman and F. Hayes-Roth and V. R. Lesser and D. R. Reddy}, title = {The {HEARSAY-II} Speech Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty}, journal = {Computing Surveys}, year = 1980, volume = 12, pages = {213--253} } @InProceedings{ erman_london_etal81, author = {L. D. Erman and P. E. London and S. F. Fickas}, title = {The Design and Example use of {HEARSEY-III}}, booktitle = {International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {409--415}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ essler_brendel_etal87, author = {Wilhelm K. Essler and Elke Brendel and Rosa F. Cruzado}, title = {{G}rundz{\"u}ge der {L}ogik {II}: {K}lassen, {R}elationen, {Z}ahlen}, publisher = {Vittorio Klostermann}, year = 1987, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, edition = 3, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ estival90, author = {Dominique Estival}, title = {{ELU}: an Environment for Machine Translation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 90)}, year = 1990, volume = 3, pages = {385--387}, address = {Helsinki, Finland} } @Article{ etherington87, author = {D. W. Etherington}, title = {Formalizing Nonmonotonic Reasoning}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1987, volume = 31, pages = {41--85} } @InProceedings{ evans_gazdar89, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {The Semantics of {DATR}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour}, year = 1989, pages = {79--87}, address = {London}, publisher = {Pitman} } @InProceedings{ evans_gazdar89b, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {Inference in {DATR}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'89)}, year = 1989, pages = {66--71} } @TechReport{ evans_gazdar95, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {{DATR:} {A} Language for Lexical Knowledge Representation}, institution = {University of Sussex}, year = 1995, type = {Cognitive Science Research Paper}, number = {{CSRP 382}}, address = {Cognitive and Computing Sciences, Brighton, England}, month = nov } @Article{ evans_gazdar96, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {{DATR}: {A} Language for Lexical Knowledge Representation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1996, volume = 22, number = 2, pages = {167--216}, month = jun } @InCollection{ evans_gazdar_etal93, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar and Lionel Moser}, title = {Prioritised Multiple Inheritance in {DATR}}, pages = {38--46}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93}, bib = {HA 05 ZZX 147797} } @Book{ evens88, author = {Martha W. Evens}, title = {Relational Models of the Lexicon}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1988, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ evens_litowitz_etal80, author = {M. W. Evens and B. Litowitz and J. Markowitz and R. Smith and O. Werner}, title = {Lexical-semantic relations: a comparative survey}, journal = {Linguistic Research}, year = 1980 } @InProceedings{ fagan_etal79, author = {L. M. Fagan and others}, title = {Representation of Dynamic Clinical Knowledge: Measurment interpretation in the Intensive Care Unit}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79)}, year = 1979, pages = {260--262}, address = {Tokyo} } @Book{ fauconnier94, author = {Gilles Fauconnier}, title = {Mental Spaces: {A}spects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1994, address = {Cambridge, England}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ faye_scheffler_etal94, editor = {Jan Faye and Uwe Scheffler and Max Urchs}, title = {Logic and causal reasoning}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1994, address = {Berlin} } @Proceedings{ fayyad95, title = {Proceedings/{KDD}-95, {F}irst {I}nternational {C}onference on {K}nowledge {D}iscovery \& {D}ata {M}ining}, year = 1995, editor = {Usama M. Fayyad}, address = {Menlo Park, California}, publisher = {AAI Press} } @Book{ fayyad96, editor = {Usama M. Fayyad}, title = {Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining}, publisher = {AAI Press}, year = 1996, address = {Menlo Park, California} } @Book{ feigenbaum_feldmann63, author = {E.A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldmann}, title = {{C}omputers and {T}hought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, address = {New York}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1698} } @Book{ feigenbaum_feldmann63a, author = {E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldmann}, title = {Computers and Thought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, address = {New York} } @Book{ feigenbaum_feldmann63b, author = {E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldmann}, title = {Computers and Thought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, address = {New York}, chapter = {I: Can a Machine Think} } @Book{ fellbaum98, editor = {Christiane Fellbaum}, title = {Wordnet. An Electronic Lexical Database}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1998, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ ferber81, author = {Rafael Ferber}, title = {Zenons Paradoxien der Bewegung und die Struktur von Raum und Zeit}, publisher = {Beck}, year = 1981, series = {Zetemata}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, number = 76 } @Article{ fikes_nilsson71, author = {R. E. Fikes and N. J. Nilsson}, title = {{STRIPS}: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1971, volume = 2, number = {3/4}, pages = {198--208} } @InCollection{ fillmore68, author = {Charles J. Fillmore}, title = {The Case for Case}, editor = {Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms}, booktitle = {Universals in Linguistic Theory}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart \& Winston}, year = 1968, pages = {1--88}, address = {New York} } @Book{ findler79, author = {N. V. Findler}, title = {Associative Networks: {R}epresentation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, address = {New York} } @Book{ flamig59, editor = {W. Fl{\"a}mig}, title = {Zum {K}onjunktiv in der deutschen {G}egenwartssprache}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1959, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ flanagan97, author = {David Flanagan}, title = {Java in a Nutshell}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 1997, address = {Sebastopol, California}, edition = 2 } @Article{ flesch48, author = {Rudolf Flesch}, title = {A New Readability Yardstick}, journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology}, year = 1948, volume = 32, pages = {221--233} } @Article{ flickinger_nerbonne92, author = {Dan Flickinger and John Nerbonne}, title = {Inheritance and Complementation: {A} Case Study of Easy Adjectives and Related Nouns}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 3, pages = {269--309}, month = sep } @Manual{ foderaro_sklower80, author = {J. K. Foderaro and K. L. Sklower}, title = {The {FRANZ LISP} manual}, organization = {Univ. of Colifornia}, address = {Berkley}, year = 1980 } @Article{ fonseca_egenhofer_etal02, author = {Frederico T. Fonseca and Max J. Egenhofer and Peggy Agouris and Gilberto C{\^a}mara}, title = {Using Ontologies for Integrated Geographic Information Systems}, journal = {Transactions in Geographic Information Systems}, year = 2002, volume = 6, number = 3, pages = {231--257} } @Article{ forgy82, author = {Charles Forgy}, title = {Rete: A Fast Algorithm for the Many Pattern/Many Object Pattern Match Problem}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1982, volume = 19, pages = {17--37} } @TechReport{ forgy84, author = {C. L. Forgy}, title = {A Design for Integrating Procedural and Rule-based Programming Paradigms}, institution = {Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Comp. Science Dept.}, year = 1984, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, month = aug } @Book{ fox_lappin05, author = {Chris Fox and Shalom Lappin}, title = {Foundations of Intensional Semantics}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishers}, year = 2005, address = {Oxford, Malden, Mass.} } @Article{ fox_smith84, author = {M. S. Fox and S. F. Smith}, title = {{ISIS}: A Knowledge Based System for Factory Scheduling}, journal = {Expert Systems}, year = 1984, volume = 1, number = 1 } @InProceedings{ frank_krieger_etal05, author = {Anette Frank and Hans-Ulrich Krieger and Feiyu Xu and Hans Uszkoreit and Berthold Crysmann and Brigitte J{\"o}rg and Ulrich Sch{\"a}fer}, title = {Querying Structured Knowledge Sources}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI-05 Workshop on Question Answering in Restricted Domains}, year = 2005, pages = {10--19}, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania} } @InCollection{ franz96, author = {Alexander Franz}, title = {Learning {PP} Attachment from Corpus Statistics}, pages = {188--202}, crossref = {wermter_riloff_etal96} } @Book{ franz96b, author = {Alexander Franz}, title = {Automatic Ambiguity Resolution in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, volume = 1171, series = {LNAI}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ freksa90, author = {Christian Freksa}, title = {{R}epr{\"a}sentation und {V}erarbeitung r{\"a}umlichen {W}issens}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1990, series = {Informatik-Fachberichte}, address = {Berlin}, number = 245 } @Book{ freundlich70, author = {R. Freundlich}, title = {Sprachtheorie}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1970, address = {Wien, New York} } @MastersThesis{ fritsche08, author = {Christian Fritsche}, title = {{F}undierung und {U}msetzung einer automatischen {T}ransformation des {M}ulti{N}et-{F}ormalismus in eine {RDF(S)/OWL}-basierte {D}arstellung}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2008, type = {Master's Thesis}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jan } @Book{ frost86, editor = {R. A. Frost}, title = {Introduction to knowledge base Systems}, publisher = {Collins}, year = 1986, address = {London} } @Article{ fujii_inui_etal98, author = {Atsushi Fujii and Kentaro Inui and Takenobu Tokunaga and Hozumi Tanaka}, title = {Selective Sampling for Example-based Word Sense Disambiguation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1998, volume = 24, number = 4, pages = {573--597}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ gabbay96, author = {Dov M. Gabbay}, title = {An Overview of Fibred Semantics and The Combination of Logics}, editor = {K. Schulz and F. Baader}, booktitle = {Proceedings of FroCoS'96}, year = 1996, series = {Applied Logic}, pages = {1--56}, address = {Dordrecht}, publisher = {Kluwer} } @Book{ gabbay99, author = {Dov M. Gabbay}, title = {Fibring logics}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1999, address = {Oxford}, note = {Volume 38: Oxford logic guides} } @Book{ gabbay_hogger_etal95, editor = {Dov M. Gabbay and C. J. Hogger and J. A. Robinson}, title = {Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, address = {Oxford}, note = {Volume 4: Epistemic and Temporal Reasoning} } @Book{ gabbay_wansing99, author = {Dov M. Gabbay and Heinrich Wansing}, title = {What is Negation?}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1999, address = {Dordrecht} } @Book{ gaerdenfors87, editor = {Peter G{\"a}rdenfors}, title = {Generalized Quantifiers. Linguistic and Logical Approaches}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1987, volume = 31, series = {Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ gaizauskas_humphreys96, author = {Robert Gaizauskas and Kevin Humphreys}, title = {Quantitative Evaluation of Coreference Algorithms in an Information Extraction System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC'96)}, year = 1996, pages = {1--18} } @Book{ galton84, editor = {Anthony Galton}, title = {The logic of aspect}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1984, address = {Oxford} } @Proceedings{ galton87, title = {Temporal logics and their application}, year = 1987, editor = {Anthony Galton}, address = {London}, publisher = {Academic Press} } @InCollection{ galton95, author = {Anthony Galton}, title = {Time and change for {AI}}, editor = {Dov M. Gabbay and C. J. Hogger and J. A. Robinson}, booktitle = {Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, pages = {175--240}, address = {Oxford}, note = {Volume 4: Epistemic and Temporal Reasoning} } @Article{ ganascia85, author = {J. Ganascia}, title = {Explanation and Justification in Expert Systems}, journal = {Computers and AI}, year = 1985, volume = 4, number = 3, pages = {3--13}, address = {Bratislava} } @Article{ gangemi_guarino_etal03, author = {A. Gangemi and N. Guarino and C. Masolo and A. Oltramari}, title = {Sweeting WordNet with DOLCE}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = 2003, volume = 24, number = 3 } @Book{ garman90, author = {Michael Garman}, title = {Psycholinguistics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1990, address = {Cambridge} } @InProceedings{ gaussier_cancedda01, author = {Eric Gaussier and Nicola Cancedda}, title = {Probabilistic Models for PP-attachment Resolution and NP Analysis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Computational Natural Language Learning Workshop (CoNLL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {45--52}, address = {Toulouse, France}, month = jul } @Book{ gazdar_klein_etal85, author = {Gerald Gazdar and Ewan Klein and Geoffrey Pullum and Ivan A. Sag}, title = {Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ ge_hale_etal98, author = {Niyu Ge and John Hale and Eugene Charniak}, title = {A Statistical Approach to Anaphora Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Very Large Corpora (WVLC-6)}, year = 1998, pages = {161--170} } @Book{ genesereth_nilsson89, author = {Michael R. Genesereth and Nils J. Nilsson}, title = {Logische {G}rundlagen der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, publisher = {Vieweg}, year = 1989, address = {Braunschweig} } @InProceedings{ gerdemann95, author = {Dale Gerdemann}, title = {Term Encoding of Typed Feature Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Parsing Technologies}, year = 1995, pages = {89--98} } @Book{ gerstenkorn76, author = {A. Gerstenkorn}, title = {Das {M}odal-{S}ystem im heutigen {D}eutsch}, publisher = {Wilh. Fink}, year = 1976, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ gerster76, author = {Hans Dieter Gerster}, title = {{A}ussagenlogik, {M}engen, {R}elationen}, publisher = {Herder}, year = 1976, address = {Freiburg,Basel,Wien}, edition = 4, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ gerstl_pribbenow95, author = {Peter Gerstl and Simone Pribbenow}, title = {Midwinters, end games, and body parts: a classification of part-whole relations}, journal = {Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud.}, year = 1995, volume = 43, number = {5-6}, pages = {865--889}, issn = {1071-5819}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1995.1079}, publisher = {Academic Press, Inc.}, address = {Duluth, MN, USA} } @InProceedings{ gey2005, author = {Fred Gey}, title = {{GeoCLEF} 2005}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Workshop of the CLEF 2005}, year = 2005, address = {Vienna, Austria}, month = sep } @InCollection{ gey_larson_etal06, author = {Fredric Gey and Ray Larson and Mark Sanderson and Hideo Joho and Paul Clough and Vivien Petras}, title = {{GeoCLEF}: the {CLEF} 2005 Cross-Language Geographic Information Retrieval Track Overview}, editor = {C. Peters and F. C. Gey and J. Gonzalo and H. M{\"u}ller and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini and M. {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {CLEF 2005 Proceedings}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ giampiccolo_forner_etal07, author = {Danilo Giampiccolo and Pamela Forner and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Christelle Ayache and Dan Cristea and Valentin Jijkoun and Petya Osenova and Paulo Rocha and Bogdan Sacaleanu and Richard Sutcliffe}, title = {Overview of the {CLEF} 2007 Multilingual Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary} } @PhDThesis{ gibson91, author = {Edward A. F. Gibson}, title = {A Computational Theory of Human Linguistic Processing: Memory Limitations and Processing Breakdown}, school = {Carnegie Mellon University}, year = 1991, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, note = {Unpublished doctoral dissertation} } @Article{ gibson98, author = {Edward Gibson}, title = {Linguistic Complexity: Locality of Syntactic Dependencies}, journal = {Cognition}, year = 1998, volume = 68, pages = {1--76} } @Article{ gibson_pearlmutter98, author = {Edward Gibson and Neil J. Pearlmutter}, title = {Constraints on Sentence Processing}, journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences}, year = 1998, volume = 2, number = 7, pages = {262--268} } @MastersThesis{ gleie06, author = {Kerstin Gleie}, title = {Spezifikation und Realisierung von Lexikoneintr{\"a}gen f{\"u}r idiomatische Ausdr{\"u}cke deutscher Verben}, school = {FernUniverstit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2006, type = {Diplomarbeit}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = sep } @TechReport{ gloeckner00, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Advances in {DFS} theory}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2000, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2000-01}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ gloeckner00b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {A broad class of Standard {DFSes}}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2000, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2000-02}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ gloeckner00c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {An axiomatic theory of fuzzy quantifiers in natural languages}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2000, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2000-03}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = feb } @TechReport{ gloeckner01, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Standard models of fuzzy quantification}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2001, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2001-01}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = apr } @TechReport{ gloeckner02, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Branching of fuzzy quantifiers and multiple variable binding: an extension of {DFS} theory}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2002, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2002-08}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = dec } @PhDThesis{ gloeckner03, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy Quantifiers in Natural Language: {S}emantics and Computational Models}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld, Technische Fakult{\"a}t}, year = 2003, month = apr } @TechReport{ gloeckner03b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fundamentals of fuzzy quantification: plausible models, constructive principles, and efficient implementation}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2003, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2002-07}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ gloeckner03c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers, multiple variable binding and branching quantification}, editor = {T. Bilgic and B. De Baets and O. Kaynak}, booktitle = {Fuzzy Sets and Systems -- IFSA 2003}, year = 2003, series = {LNAI}, volume = 2715, pages = {135--142}, month = jul, publisher = {Springer} } @Book{ gloeckner04, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy Quantifiers in Natural Language: {S}emantics and Computational Models}, publisher = {Der Andere Verlag}, year = 2004, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany}, month = jul, isbn = {3-89959-205-0} } @Article{ gloeckner04a, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Evaluation of Quantified Propositions in Generalized Models of Fuzzy Quantification}, journal = {International Journal of Approximate Reasoning}, year = 2004, volume = 37, number = 2, pages = {93--126}, month = sep } @Book{ gloeckner06a, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy Quantifiers: {A} Computational Theory}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 193, series = {Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing}, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner06b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2006: Answer Validation Exercise}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner06c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Quantifier Selection for Linguistic Data Summarization}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of FuzzIEEE 2006 -- Special Session on Data Summarization}, year = 2006, address = {Vancouver, Canada} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner06d, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Optimal Selection of Proportional Bounding Quantifiers in Linguistic Data Summarization}, booktitle = {Soft Methods for Integrated Uncertainty Modelling}, year = 2006, series = {Advances in Soft Computing}, volume = 37, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner07a, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Filtering and Fusion of Question-Answering Streams by Robust Textual Inference}, editor = {Leila Amgoud and Patrick Saint-Dizier}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 3rd International Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions (KRAQ'07)}, year = 2007, pages = {43--48}, address = {Hyderabad, India}, month = jan } @InProceedings{ gloeckner07b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Towards an Operational Interpretation of Membership Grades - {On} {H}-Valued Fuzzy Sets and Their Use for Fuzzy Quantification}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of the First IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computational Intelligence (FOCI'07)}, year = 2007, address = {Honolulu, Hawaii} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner07c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2007: Answer Validation Exercise}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary} } @InCollection{ gloeckner07d, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Answer Validation through Robust Logical Inference}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {518--521}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner08, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Towards Logic-Based Question Answering under Time Constraints }, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IAENG International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (ICAIA-08)}, year = 2008, pages = {13--18}, address = {Hong Kong}, month = mar } @Article{ gloeckner08b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Generalized Fuzzy Quantifiers and the Modelling of Fuzzy Branching Quantification}, journal = {International Journal of Intelligent Systems}, year = 2008, note = {(to appear)} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner08c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2008: {A}nswer Validation Exercise}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2008 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2008 Workshop}, year = 2008, address = {Aarhus, Denmark}, month = sep, isbn = {2-912335-43-4}, issn = {1818-8044} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner93, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Monotonic incrementation of backpropagation networks}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of the Int.\ Conf.\ on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN 93)}, year = 1993, address = {Amsterdam, NL} } @MastersThesis{ gloeckner96, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {{Verwendung Neuronaler Netze zur Emulation logischen Schlie{\ss}ens}}, school = {Institut f{\"u}r Semantische Informationsverarbeitung, Universit{\"a}t Osnabr{\"u}ck}, year = 1996, type = {Magisterarbeit}, address = {49069 Osnabr{\"u}ck} } @TechReport{ gloeckner97, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {{DFS}: An axiomatic approach to fuzzy quantification}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1997, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 97-06}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ gloeckner99, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {A framework for evaluating approaches to fuzzy quantification}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1999, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 99-03}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = jul } @TechReport{ gloeckner_grieszl_etal93, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Andrea Grieszl and Helmar Gust and Uwe Hauck and Frank Kolhosser and Martin M{\"u}ller and Claus-Rainer Rollinger and Marc Ronthaler and Thorsten Wagner}, title = {{PEEP: Eine Komponente zur Pr{\"a}suppositionsbehandlung in LEU/2}}, institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Wissensbasierte Systeme (IWBS), IBM Germany GmbH}, year = 1993, type = {IWBS Report}, number = 242, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_grieszl_etal94, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Andrea Grieszl and Martin M{\"u}ller and Marc Ronthaler}, title = {{TabVer}: {A} case study in table verbalization}, editor = {B. Nebel and L. Dreschler-Fischer}, booktitle = {KI-94: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1994, series = {LNAI-861}, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal05, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Rainer Osswald}, title = {From {GermaNet} Glosses to Formal Meaning Postulates}, editor = {Bernhard Fisseni and Hans-Christian Schmitz and Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Petra Wagner}, booktitle = {Sprachtechnologie, mobile Kommunikation und linguistische Ressourcen -- Beitr{\"a}ge zur GLDV-Tagung 2005 in Bonn}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 2005, pages = {394--407}, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, isbn = {3-631-53874-X} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal06, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Johannes Leveling and Rainer Osswald}, title = {An Architecture for Rating and Controlling Text Readability}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {32--35}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, url = {http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2006/2013/}, annote = {ISBN 3-89318-050-8} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal06b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Automatic Knowledge Acquisition by Semantic Analysis and Assimilation of Textual Information}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {36--43}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, url = {http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2006/2013/}, annote = {ISBN 3-89318-050-8} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal07, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Logical Validation, Answer Merging and Witness Selection -- A Case Study in Multi-Stream Question Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of RIAO 2007 (Recherche d'Information Assist{\'e}e par Ordinateur -- Computer assisted information retrieval), Large-Scale Semantic Access to Content (Text, Image, Video and Sound) }, year = 2007, address = {Pittsburgh, USA}, publisher = {Le Centre de Hautes Etudes Internationales d'informatique Documentaire -- C.I.D.}, annote = {url {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal07.pdf}} , url = {http://riao.free.fr/papers/65.pdf} } @Article{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal07b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Johannes Leveling and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Automatic Semantic Analysis for {NLP} Applications}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft}, year = 2007, volume = 26, number = 2, pages = {241--266}, publisher = {Walter {de Gruyter}}, issn = {0721-9067}, annote = {DOI 10.1515/ZFS.2007.019} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal99, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Alois Knoll}, title = {Content-based document retrieval using natural language}, booktitle = {Tagungsband zum Workshop ``Virtuelle Wissensfabrik: Neue Techniken der Mensch-Ma\-schi\-ne-In\-ter\-aktion, der Strukturierung komplexer Informationen und deren Kommunikation in kooperativen Umgebungen''}, year = 1999, address = {Schlo{\ss} Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin}, month = sep } @Article{ gloeckner_helbig05, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation und {A}ntwortfindung mit {M}ehrschichtigen {E}rweiterten {S}emantischen {N}etzen}, journal = {K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 2005, volume = 2, pages = {49--55}, month = may } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_klose92, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Gudrun Klose.}, title = {Static and dynamic evaluation of knowledge bases}, editor = {K. {von Luck} and H.-J. Novak and C.-R. Rollinger}, booktitle = {Fully Implemented Natural Language Understanding Systems (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Trento, Italy, March 30, 1992)}, year = 1992, series = {IWBS Report 236 (IBM TR-80.92-033)}, pages = {50--60}, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Institut f{\"u}r Wissensbasierte Systeme, IBM Germany} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll00, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Architecture and retrieval methods of a search assistant for scientific libraries}, editor = {W. Gaul and R. Decker}, booktitle = {Classification and Information Processing at the Turn of the Millennium}, year = 2000, pages = {460--468}, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ gloeckner_knoll00b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {A formal theory of fuzzy natural language quantification and its role in granular computing}, editor = {Witold Pedrycz}, booktitle = {Granular Computing: An Emerging Paradigm}, publisher = {Physica-Verlag}, year = 2000, volume = 70, series = {Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing}, pages = {215--256}, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll01, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers in granular computing and their role for data summarization}, booktitle = {Fuzziness and Soft Computing in the New Millennium. Proceedings of the Joint 9th IFSA World Congress and 20th NAFIPS International Conference}, year = 2001, address = {Vancouver, Canada}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll01b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers: {A} natural language technique for data fusion}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion 2001)}, year = 2001, month = aug } @TechReport{ gloeckner_knoll97, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers for processing natural-language queries in content-based multimedia retrieval systems}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1997, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 97-05}, address = {Bielefeld} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Query evaluation and information fusion in a retrieval system for multimedia documents}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of the Second Int.\ Conf.\ on Information Fusion (Fusion '99)}, year = 1999, pages = {529--536}, address = {Sunnyvale, CA}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {A framework for evaluating fusion operators based on the theory of generalized quantifiers}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI '99)}, year = 1999, address = {Taipei, Taiwan}, month = aug } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Application of fuzzy quantifiers in image processing: {A} case study}, editor = {L.C. Jain}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information Engineering Systems (KES `99)}, year = 1999, pages = {259--262}, address = {Adelaide, Australia}, month = aug, organization = {IEEE} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99d, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Natural-language navigation in multimedia archives: {An} integrated approach}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Multimedia Conference (MM '99)}, year = 1999, pages = {313--322}, address = {Orlando, Florida}, month = oct } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll_etal98, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll and Andr\'e Wolfram}, title = {Data fusion based on fuzzy quantifiers}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of EuroFusion98, International Data Fusion Conference}, year = 1998, pages = {39--46}, address = {Great Malvern, UK}, month = oct } @Book{ glueck93, editor = {H. Gl{\"u}ck}, title = {{Metzler-Lexikon Sprache}}, publisher = {J. B. Metzler}, year = 1993, address = {Stuttgart} } @Book{ gnedenko91, author = {B. W. Gnedenko}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {W}ahrscheinlichkeitstheorie}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1991, address = {Berlin}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @TechReport{ gnoerlich00, author = {Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Multi{N}et/{WR}: {A} {K}nowledge {E}ngineering {T}oolkit for {N}atural {L}anguage {I}nformation}, institution = {University Hagen}, year = 2000, type = {Technical {R}eport}, number = 278, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @PhDThesis{ gnoerlich02, author = {Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Technologische Grundlagen der Wissensverwaltung f{\"u}r die automatische Sprachverarbeitung}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 2002, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @Book{ goddard98, author = {Cliff Goddard}, title = {Semantic Analysis: A practical introduction}, publisher = {Oxford University Press, Inc.}, year = 1998, address = {New York} } @Book{ goerke74, author = {Lilly G{\"o}rke}, title = {{M}engen, {R}elationen, {F}unktionen}, publisher = {Harri Deutsch}, year = 1974, address = {Z{\"u}rich, Frankfurt am Main}, edition = 4, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ goerz93, editor = {G. G{\"o}rz}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {K}{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1993, address = {Bonn} } @Article{ goltz_geske_etal88, author = {H.-J. Goltz and U. Geske and F. Wysotzki}, title = {The Rewrite Approach to Combined Logic and Functional Programming}, journal = {New Generation Computer Systems}, year = 1988, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {49--62}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ gomez_segami_etal97, author = {Fernando Gomez and Carlos Segami and Richard Hull}, title = {Determining Prepositional Attachment, Prepositional Meaning, Verb Meaning, and Thematic Roles}, journal = {Computational Intelligence}, year = 1997, volume = 13, number = 1, pages = {1--31} } @InCollection{ gottwald77, author = {S. Gottwald}, title = {Theoretische {B}etrachtungen {\"u}ber {F}uzzy {L}ogik}, editor = {Gau\ss{}ig}, booktitle = {Problemseminar: Algebraische und logische Grundlagen der Informatik}, publisher = {WBZ der TU Dresden}, year = 1977, pages = {3--12} } @Book{ gray_leary35, author = {William S. Gray and Bernice Leary}, title = {What Makes a Book Readable}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1935, address = {Chicago, Illinois} } @Proceedings{ green_bean_etal02, title = {The Semantics of Relationships}, year = 2002, editor = {Rebecca Green and Carol A. Bean and Sung Hyon Myaeng}, address = {Dordrecht, Boston, London}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers} } @Book{ grefenstette94, author = {G. Grefenstette}, title = {Explorations in automatic thesaurus discovery}, publisher = {Kleuwer}, year = 1994, address = {Boston} } @InProceedings{ greiner_lenat80, author = {R. Greiner and D. Lenat}, title = {A Representation Language Language}, booktitle = {Proc. National Conf. of the American Association for {AI}}, year = 1980, pages = {183--205} } @InCollection{ grice75, author = {P. H. Grice}, title = {Logic and Conversation}, editor = {P. Cole and I. Morgan}, booktitle = {Speech Acts. Syntax and Semantics}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, volume = 3, address = {New York}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1699} } @Book{ groeben82, author = {Norbert Groeben}, title = {Leserpsychologie: Textverst{\"a}ndnis -- Textverst{\"a}ndlichkeit}, publisher = {Aschendorff}, year = 1982, address = {M{\"u}nster, Germany} } @TechReport{ gross89, author = {B. Gro\ss}, title = {Japans f{\"u}nfte {C}omputer {G}eneration und die sozial-{\"o}konomischene {D}imension der {I}nformatik}, institution = {Th Ilmenau}, year = 1984, type = {Dokumentation/Information}, number = 76, address = {Ilmenau} } @InCollection{ grossjohann_menke98, author = {Kai Grossjohann and Dirk Menke}, title = {Query Transformation for Heterogeneous Provider Systems in {M}e{D}oc}, crossref = {barth_endres_etal98} } @InCollection{ grosz86, author = {Barbara J. Grosz}, title = {The Representation and Use of Focus in a System for Unterstanding Dialogs}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {353--362}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ grosz_jones_etal86, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, title = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ grosz_joshi_etal95, author = {Barbara J. Grosz and Aaravind K. Joshi and Scott Weinstein}, title = {Centering: {A} framework for modeling the local coherence of discourse}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1995, volume = 21, number = 2, pages = {203--225}, month = jun } @Article{ grosz_sidner86, author = {Barbara J. Grosz and C. L. Sidner}, title = {Attention, Intentions, and the Structure of Discourse}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1986, volume = 12, number = 3, pages = {175--204} } @Article{ gruber93, author = {T. R. Gruber}, title = {Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, year = 1995, volume = 43, number = {5--6}, pages = {907--928} } @Book{ gruenbaum73, author = {A. Gr{\"u}nbaum}, title = {Philosophical Problems of Space and Time}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1973, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ guenter_cunis93, author = {A. G{\"u}nter and R. Cunis}, title = {{PLAKON} - {E}rgebnisse einer {E}ntwicklung}, journal = {K{\"u}nstliche Imtelligenz}, year = 1993, volume = 1, pages = {51--56} } @Misc{ gueting90, author = {R. H. G{\"u}ting}, title = {Kurs 1663 -- {D}atenstrukturen}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1990 } @Book{ gundavaram96, author = {Shishir Gundavaram}, title = {CGI Programming on the World Wide Web}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 1996, address = {Sebastopol, California} } @Book{ gupta_etal85, editor = {M. M. Gupta and others}, title = {Approximate Reasoning in Expert Systems}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1985, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ guthrie_pustejovsky_etal96, author = {L. Guthrie and J. Pustejovsky and Y. Wilks and B. M. Slator}, title = {The Role of Lexicons in Natural Language Processing}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1996, volume = 39, number = 1, pages = {63--72} } @TechReport{ haapalainen_majorin94, author = {Mariikka Haapalainen and Ari Majorin}, title = {{GERTWOL}: {E}in {S}ystem zur automatischen {W}ortformerkennung deutscher {W}{\"o}rter}, institution = {Lingsoft, {I}nc.}, year = 1994, address = {Helsinki, Finnland}, month = sep, url = {http://www.lingsoft.fi/doc/gertwol/intro/gertwol.txt} } @InCollection{ habel85, author = {Christopher Habel}, title = {Das {L}exikon in der {F}orschung der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, editor = {Christoph Schwarze and Dieter Wunderlich}, booktitle = {Handbuch der Lexikologie}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1985, pages = {441--474}, address = {K{\"o}nigstein} } @InCollection{ habel89, author = {Christopher Habel}, title = {Zwischen-{B}ericht}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {37--69}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ habel_herweg_etal89, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, title = {{R}aumkonzepte in {V}erstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ habel_schmidt_etal77, author = {C. Habel and A. Schmidt and H. Schweppe}, title = {On Automatic Paraphrasing of Natural Language Expressions}, institution = {Semantic Network Project, Department of Computer Science, University of Berlin}, year = 1977, type = {Report}, number = {3/77}, address = {Berlin, Germany} } @Book{ haegeman94, author = {Liliane Haegeman}, title = {Introduction to Government and Binding Theory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = 1994, address = {Oxford, England}, edition = 2 } @InProceedings{ hahn_strube96, author = {Udo Hahn and Michael Strube}, title = {{ParseTalk} about Functional Anaphora}, editor = {Gordon McCalla}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence}, year = 1996, series = {LNAI}, volume = 1081, pages = {133--145}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, conflocation = {Toronto, Canada} } @Article{ hajicova75, author = {E. Haji\v{c}ova}, title = {Some Questions of Formal Models in Linguistic Semantics}, journal = {CTP}, year = 1975, pages = {343--345}, publisher = {Bapha} } @Article{ hajicova_panevova_etal80, author = {E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a} and J. Panevova and P. Sgall}, title = {Meaning, Sense and Valency}, journal = {Folia linguistica}, year = 1980, volume = 14, pages = {57--64} } @Book{ halliday_hassan76, author = {Michael A. K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan}, title = {Coherence in English}, publisher = {Longman}, year = 1976, address = {London} } @InCollection{ hamann91, author = {Cornelia Hamann}, title = {Adjectives}, editor = {Arnim {von Stechow} and Dieter Wunderlich}, booktitle = {Semantik. Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgen{\"o}ssichen Forschung}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1991, pages = {657--673}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ hammwoehner_leveling_etal08, author = {Rainer Hammw{\"o}hner and Johannes Leveling and Thomas Mandl and Vivien Petras and Christa Womser-Hacker}, title = {Mehrsprachigkeit in {I}nformationssystemen}, booktitle = {Tagungsband der GAL 2008}, publisher = {GAL}, year = 2008, note = {In preparation} } @Book{ hampe91, editor = {Michael Hampe}, title = {Prozess, {G}ef{\"u}hl und {R}aum-{Z}eit}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1991, address = {Frankfurt/Main} } @MastersThesis{ hanrieder91, author = {Gerhard Hanrieder}, title = {{R}obustes {W}ortparsing -- {L}exikonbasierte morphologische {A}nalyse (komplexer) deutscher {W}ortformen}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Trier}, year = 1991, type = {Magisterarbeit}, address = {Trier} } @InCollection{ hanrieder96, author = {Gerhard Hanrieder}, title = {{PP}-{A}nbindung in einem kognitiv ad{\"a}quaten {V}erarbeitungsmodell}, editor = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, booktitle = {Pr{\"a}positionalsemantik und PP-Anbindung}, publisher = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t Duisburg}, year = 1996, pages = {13--22}, address = {Duisburg} } @InCollection{ hansson95, author = {Sven Ove Hansson}, title = {The Emperor's New Clothes: {S}ome Recurring Problems in the Formal Analysis of Counterfacts}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {13--31}, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ harabagiu06, author = {Sanda Harabagiu}, title = {Questions and Intentions}, editor = {Tomek Strzalkowski and Sanda Harabagiu}, booktitle = {Advances in Open Domain Question Answering}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 32, series = {Text, Speech and Language Technology}, pages = {99--147}, address = {Dordrecht} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu96, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu}, title = {An Application fo {WordNet} to Prepositional Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1996, pages = {360--363} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu98, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu}, title = {Deriving Metonymic Coercions from {W}ord{N}et}, booktitle = {Workshop on the Usage of WordNet in Natural Language Processing Systems, {COLING-ACL} '98}, year = 1998, pages = {142--148}, address = {Montreal, Canada} } @Article{ harabagiu99, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu}, title = {From Lexical Cohesion to Textual Coherence - A Data Driven Perspective}, journal = {Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1999, volume = 13, number = 2, pages = {247--265} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_bunescu01, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Razvan C. Bunescu}, title = {Data-Driven Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International FLAIRS Conference (FLAIRS-01)}, year = 2001, pages = {?--?}, address = {Key West, Florida} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_bunescu_etal01, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Razvan C. Bunescu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Text and Knowledge Mining for Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {55--62}, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, month = jun } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_maiorano00, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Multilingual Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Language Technology Joint Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing and the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ANLP-NAACL'2000)}, year = 2000, address = {Seattle, Washington} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_maiorano99, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Knowledge-Lean Coreference Resolution and its Relations to Textual Cohesion and Coherence}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL'99 Workshop on the Relationship of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference}, year = 1999, pages = {29--38} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_maiorano99b, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Finding Answers in Large Collections of Texts: Paragraph Indexing + Abductive Inference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Question Answering Systems}, year = 1999, pages = {63--71} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_moldovan_etal01, author = {Sanda Harabagiu and Dan Moldovan and Marius Pa{\c{s}}ca and Rada Mihalcea and Mihai Surdeanu and R{\u{a}}zvan Bunescu and Roxana G{\^i}rju and Vasile Rus and Paul Mor{\u{a}}rescu}, title = {The Role of Lexico-Semantic Feedback in Open-Domain Textual Question-Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {274--281}, address = {Toulouse, France}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_pasca99, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Marius Pa{\c{s}}ca}, title = {Integrating Symbolic and Statistical Methods for Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International FLAIRS Conference (FLAIRS-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {303--307}, address = {Orlando, Florida} } @Article{ haralick_elliot80, author = {R. M. Haralick and G. L. Elliot}, title = {Increasing Tree Search Efficiency for Constraint Satisfaction Problems}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 14, pages = {263--313} } @InProceedings{ hararbagiu_moldovan_etal01, author = {Sanda Harabagiu and Dan Moldovan and Marius Pa{\c{s}}ca and Mihai Surdeanu and Rada Mihalcea and Roxana G{\^i}rju and Vasile Rus and Finley L{\u{a}}c{\u{a}}tu{\c{s}}u and Paul Mor{\u{a}}rescu and R{\u{a}}zvan Bunescu}, title = {Answering Complex, List and Context Questions with {LCC}'s Question-Answering Server}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {355--361} } @Book{ harold97, author = {Elliotte Rusty Harold}, title = {Java Network Programming}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 1997, address = {Sebastopol, California} } @Book{ harold_means04, author = {Elliotte Rusty Harold and W. Scott Means}, title = {XML in a Nutshell}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 2004, address = {Sebastopol, California} } @Book{ harper_stalnaker_etal81, editor = {W. L. Harper and R. Stalnaker and G Pearce}, title = {Ifs}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1981, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ harris84, author = {L. R. Harris}, title = {Experiences with {INTELLECT}, Artificial Intelligence Transfer}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = 1984, volume = 7, pages = 419 } @Article{ hart_nilsson_etal68, author = {Peter E. Hart and Nils J. Nilsson and Bertram Raphael}, title = {A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics}, year = 1968, volume = 4, number = 2, pages = {100--107}, month = jul } @InCollection{ hartrumpf00, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Partial Evaluation for Efficient Access to Inheritance Lexicons}, editor = {Nicolas Nicolov and Ruslan Mitkov}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing II: Selected Papers from RANLP'97}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = 2000, volume = 189, series = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory}, pages = {57--68}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf01b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Coreference Resolution with Syntactico-Semantic Rules and Corpus Statistics}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Computational Natural Language Learning Workshop (CoNLL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {137--144}, address = {Toulouse, France}, month = jul, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0717} } @PhDThesis{ hartrumpf02, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Hybrid Disambiguation in Natural Language Analysis}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 2002, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jun } @Book{ hartrumpf03, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Hybrid Disambiguation in Natural Language Analysis}, publisher = {Der Andere Verlag}, year = 2003, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany}, isbn = {3-89959-080-5} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf04, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Question Answering using Sentence Parsing and Semantic Network Matching}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {385--392}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2004/working_notes/WorkingNotes2004/47.pdf} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf05, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Question Answering using Sentence Parsing and Semantic Network Matching}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {512--521}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_50} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf05b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2005: Extending Knowledge and Deepening Linguistic Processing for Question Answering}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2005/working_notes/workingnotes2005/hartrumpf05.pdf} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf06, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Extending Knowledge and Deepening Linguistic Processing for the Question Answering System {InSicht}}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Henning M{\"u}ller and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {361--369}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-45697-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11878773_41} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf06b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Adapting a Semantic Question Answering System to the Web}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the EACL 2006 Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering (MLQA'06)}, year = 2006, pages = {61--68}, address = {Trento, Italy}, month = apr, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1909}, isbn = {2-9524532-4-1} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf08, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Semantic Decomposition for Question Answering}, editor = {Malik Ghallab and Constantine D. Spyropoulos and Nikos Fakotakis and Nikos Avouris}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)}, year = 2008, pages = {313--317}, address = {Patras, Greece}, month = jul, isbn = {978-1-58603-891-5} } @MastersThesis{ hartrumpf93, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{E}in {S}ystem zum {E}rkennen von {G}eschwindigkeitsbeschr{\"a}nkungen}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1993, type = {Studienarbeit}, address = {Koblenz, Germany}, month = aug } @TechReport{ hartrumpf94, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{IBL}: {A}n Inheritance-Based Lexicon Formalism}, institution = {University of Georgia}, year = 1994, type = {AI-report}, number = {{1994-05}}, address = {Artificial Intelligence Center, Athens, Georgia}, url = {http://www.ai.uga.edu/ftplib/ai-reports/ai199405.ps} } @TechReport{ hartrumpf95, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{W}ie man {V}erbvalenz redundanzarm beschreiben kann}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1995, type = {{I}nternes {A}rbeitspapier}, address = {Koblenz, Germany} } @MastersThesis{ hartrumpf96, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{R}edundanzarme {L}exika durch {V}ererbung}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1996, address = {Koblenz, Germany}, month = jun } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf97, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Partial Evaluation for Efficient Access to Inheritance Lexicons}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP'97)}, year = 1997, pages = {43--50}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9808013} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf99b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Hybrid Disambiguation of Prepositional Phrase Attachment and Interpretation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {111--120}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0614} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_gloeckner_etal07, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2007: Coreference Resolution for Questions and Answer Merging}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2007/working_notes/hartrumpfCLEF2007.pdf} , isbn = {2-912335-32-9} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf_gloeckner_etal08, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Coreference Resolution for Questions and Answer Merging by Validation}, editor = {Carol Peters and Valentin Jijkoun and Thomas Mandl and Henning M{\"u}ller and Douglas W. Oard and Anselmo Pe{\~{n}}as and Vivien Petras and Diana Santos}, booktitle = {Advances in Multilingual and Multimodal Information Retrieval: 8th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2007}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2008, volume = 5152, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)}, pages = {269--272}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-85759-4} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_gloeckner_etal08b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2008: {E}fficient Question Answering with Question Decomposition and Multiple Answer Streams}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2008 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2008 Workshop}, year = 2008, address = {Aarhus, Denmark}, month = sep, isbn = {2-912335-43-4}, issn = {1818-8044} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_helbig02, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig}, title = {The Generation and Use of Layer Information in Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks}, editor = {Petr Sojka and Ivan Kope{\v c}ek and Karel Pala}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue (TSD 2002)}, year = 2002, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, volume = 2448, pages = {89--98}, address = {Brno, Czech Republic}, month = sep, url = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/qdp316huhhhh/} } @Article{ hartrumpf_helbig_etal03, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Rainer Osswald}, title = {The Semantically Based Computer Lexicon {HaGenLex} -- {S}tructure and Technological Environment}, journal = {Traitement Automatique des Langues}, year = 2003, volume = 44, number = 2, pages = {81--105} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_helbig_etal06, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Semantic Interpretation of Prepositions for {NLP} Applications}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on Prepositions}, year = 2006, pages = {29--36}, address = {Trento, Italy}, month = apr, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2105} } @Article{ hartrumpf_helbig_etal06b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Johannes Leveling and Rainer Osswald}, title = {An Architecture for Controlling Simple Language in Web Pages}, journal = {eMinds: International Journal on Human-Computer Interaction}, year = 2006, volume = 1, number = 2, pages = {93--112}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_leveling06, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2006: Interpretation and Normalization of Temporal Expressions}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2006/working_notes/workingnotes2006/hartrumpfCLEF2006.pdf} , isbn = {2-912335-23-x} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf_leveling07, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Interpretation and Normalization of Temporal Expressions for Question Answering}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {432--439}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74999-8_51}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf_leveling07b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Combining Approaches for Classifying Metonymy of Named Locations}, editor = {Jos{\'e} Neves and Manuel Filipe Santos and Jos{\'e} Manuel Machado}, booktitle = {New Trends in {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence}, publisher = {Tipografia Tadinense}, year = 2007, pages = {767--778}, address = {Braga, Portugal}, isbn = {978-989-95618-0-9}, annote = { isbn 13-978-989-95618-0-9 Proceedings of the 13th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence (EPIA 2007), 2nd Workshop on Text Mining and Applications, at Guimar\~{a}es, Portugal} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_schulz97, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Marion Schulz}, title = {Reducing Lexical Redundancy by Augmenting Conceptual Knowledge}, editor = {Gerhard Brewka and Christopher Habel and Bernhard Nebel}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({KI}-97)}, year = 1997, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {393--396}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1303, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3540634932_35} } @Article{ hartung66, author = {W. Hartung}, title = {Zur {B}ehandlung der {N}egation im {D}eutschunterricht an {A}usl{\"a}nder}, journal = {Deutsch als Fremdsprache}, year = 1966, volume = 2, pages = 19, publisher = {Herder-Institut}, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ haugh87, author = {Brian A. Haugh}, title = {Non-Standard Semantics for the Method of Temporal Arguments}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1987, pages = {449--455}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @Book{ hausser96, editor = {Roland Hausser}, title = {{L}inguistische {V}erifikation -- {D}okumentation zur ersten {M}orpholympics}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1996, series = {Sprache und{ I}nformation -- {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur philologischen und linguistischen {D}atenverarbeitung, {I}nformatik und {I}nformationswissenschaften}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ hawking91, author = {Stephen W. Hawking}, title = {{E}ine kurze {G}eschichte der {Z}eit}, publisher = {Rowohlt}, year = 1991, address = {Reinbek bei Hamburg} } @InProceedings{ hawkinson75, author = {L. Hawkinson}, title = {The Representation of Concepts in OWL}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 4th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-75})}, year = 1975, pages = {107--114}, address = {Tbilissi} } @InCollection{ healey83, author = {Richard A. Healey}, title = {Temporal and causal asymmetry}, editor = {Richard Swinburne}, booktitle = {Space, time and causality}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1983, pages = {79--103}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ heidorn_jensen_etal82, author = {G. E. Heidorn and K. Jensen and L. A. Miller and R. J. Byrd and M. S. Chodorow}, title = {The {EPISTLE} Text Critique System}, journal = {IBM System Journal}, year = 1982, volume = 21, number = 3, pages = {305--326} } @InCollection{ heim83, author = {I. Heim}, title = {{F}ile {C}hange {S}emantics and the {F}amiliarity {T}heory of {D}efiniteness}, editor = {R. B{\"a}uerle and others}, booktitle = {Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language}, publisher = {de Gruyter}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin} } @Misc{ heinemann_weihrauch88, author = {B. Heinemann and K. Weihrauch}, title = {Kurs 1825 -- {L}ogik f{\"u}r {I}nformatiker}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1988 } @Book{ heinhold76, author = {J. Heinhold}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die H{\"o}here {M}athematik, {T}eil 1}, publisher = {Carl Hanser Verlag}, year = 1976, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Wien}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ heinrich_jungst91, author = {M. Heinrich and E. W. Jungst}, title = {A Resource-based Paradigm for the Configuration of Technical Systems from Modular Components}, booktitle = {Proc. CAIA-91}, year = 1991, pages = {257--264} } @Book{ helbig01, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Die semantische {S}truktur nat{\"u}rlicher {S}prache: {W}issensrepr{\"a}sentation mit {MultiNet}}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2001, address = {Berlin} } @Misc{ helbig04, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Scherer}, title = {Kurs 1830 -- {N}euronale {N}etze}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 2004 } @InProceedings{ helbig05, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Meaning Representation with Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Florida Artificial Intelligence Conference ({FLAIRS-05})}, year = 2005, pages = {32--37} } @Misc{ helbig05c, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1697 -- {K}{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz und automatische {W}issensverarbeitung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 2005 } @Book{ helbig06, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/book/978-3-540-24461-5} } @Book{ helbig08, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Wissensverarbeitung und die Semantik der Nat{\"u}rlichen Sprache - Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation mit MultiNet}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2008, address = {Berlin}, edition = 2, annote = {2. {\"u}berarbeitete Auflage von \[Helbig 2006\]}, url = {http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/book/978-3-540-76276-8} } @PhDThesis{ helbig76, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{FM72} - ein {S}ystem zur symbolischen {F}ormelmanipulation}, school = {Technische Hochschule Chemnitz}, year = 1976, type = {Dissertation {A}}, address = {Chemnitz} } @InProceedings{ helbig77, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {A new method for deductive answer finding in a question-answering system}, editor = {B. Gilchrist}, booktitle = {Proceedings IFIP Congress 1977}, year = 1977, series = {Information Processing}, pages = {389--393}, organization = {IFIP}, publisher = {North-Holland} } @InProceedings{ helbig79, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{D}as {F}rage-{A}ntwort-{S}ystem. {FAS-80} und seine {A}nwendung zur {V}erwaltung von {P}rogrammbibliotheken}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Algorithmus}, year = 1979, pages = {271--276}, address = {Strbske Pleso, {CSSR}}, month = apr } @InProceedings{ helbig80, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Natural Language Communication with the Question Answering System {FAS-80}}, booktitle = {First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Control Systems of Robots}, year = 1980, address = {Smolenice, CSSR} } @InProceedings{ helbig82, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {On the Relationship between {AI} Knowledge Representation via Semantic Networks and Relational Data Models}, booktitle = {Proc. 2-nd Symp. on AI and information-control systems of robots}, year = 1982, pages = {115--118}, address = {Smolenice CSSR} } @PhDThesis{ helbig83, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{S}emantische {R}epr{\"a}sentation von {W}issen in einem {F}rage-{A}ntwort-{S}ystem}, school = {Akademie der Wissenschaften}, year = 1983, type = {Dissertation {B ({H}abilitation)}, {P}art {I+II}}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ helbig84, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Natural Language Access to the Database of the {AIDOS/VS} Information Retrieval System}, editor = {I. Plander}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence and Information-Control Systems of Robots}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1984, pages = {171--174}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ helbig86, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Syntactic-semantic Analysis of Natural Language by a new word-class controlled functional analysis}, journal = {Computers and Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1986, volume = 5, number = 1, pages = {53--59} } @InProceedings{ helbig86a, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Necessary Contributions of Cognitive Psychology to Computer Knowledge Representation}, editor = {F. Klix and H. Wandtke}, booktitle = {Proc. MACINTER-Conference: Man-computer interaction research}, year = 1986, pages = {89--96}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, publisher = {North-Holland} } @TechReport{ helbig94, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{D}er {E}insatz von {W}ortklassenagenten f{\"u}r die automatische {S}prachverarbeitung -- {T}eil {II} -- {D}ie vier {V}erarbeitungsstufen}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 159, address = {Hagen, Germany}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-1994-hagen.pdf} } @Misc{ helbig94a, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1697 -- {K}{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz und automatische {W}issensverarbeitung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1994 } @Misc{ helbig95, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1698 -- {G}rundlagen der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1995 } @Book{ helbig96, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {K{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz und automatische {W}issensverarbeitung}, publisher = {Verlag Technik}, year = 1996, address = {Berlin}, edition = 2 } @TechReport{ helbig97, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Der {MESNET} {P}rimer -- {D}ie {D}arstellungsmittel der {M}ehrschichtigen {E}rweiterten {S}emantischen {N}etze}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1997, type = {Technische {D}okumentation}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jan } @InProceedings{ helbig97b, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks as an Adequate Formalism for Meaning Representation and Cognitive Modelling}, booktitle = {5th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference}, year = 1997, pages = {}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, month = jul } @Misc{ helbig98, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1699 -- {A}utomatische {S}prachverarbeitung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1998 } @Article{ helbig_boettger_etal90, author = {Hermann Helbig and H. B{\"o}ttger and F. Ficker and P. String and F. Z{\"a}nker}, title = {The Natural Language Interface {NLI-AIDOS}}, journal = {Journal of New Generation Computing Systems}, year = 1990, pages = {221--246}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner06, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Towards a Logical Foundation of Semantic Networks: A Typology of Descriptive Means for Semantic Inference}, editor = {Johan Bos and Alexander Koller}, booktitle = {Inference in Computational Semantics ICoS-5, Workshop Proceedings}, year = 2006, pages = {151--156}, address = {Buxton, UK} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner07, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Reasoning over Semantic Networks - A Typology of Axioms for Natural Language Inference}, editor = {Gautam Sengupta and Soma Paul and Renjini Narendranath and Rajasekhar Batchu}, booktitle = {Workshop on Modeling and Representation in Computational Semantics (MRCS-07)}, year = 2007, pages = {30--34}, address = {Hyderabad, India} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner07b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {The Role of Intensional and Extensional Interpretation in Semantic Representations -- {T}he Intensional and Preextensional Layers in {MultiNet}}, editor = {Bernadette Sharp and Michael Zock}, booktitle = {Natural Language Processing and Cognitive Science. Proc.\ of the 4th Int. Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Cognitive Science (NLPCS 2007)}, year = 2007, pages = {92--105}, publisher = {INSTICC Press, Portugal} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner_etal08, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Layer Structures and Conceptual Hierarchies in Semantic Representations for {NLP}}, editor = {Alexander Gelbukh}, booktitle = {CICLing 2008}, year = 2008, series = {LNCS}, volume = 4919, pages = {171--182}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich02, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Multilayered {E}xtended {S}emantic {N}etworks as a Language for Meaning Representation in {NLP} Systems}, editor = {Alexander Gelbukh}, booktitle = {Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing 2002)}, year = 2002, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 2276, pages = {69--85}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich02b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks as a Language for Meaning Representation in {NLP} Systems}, editor = {Graham Katz and Sabine Reinhard and Philip Reuter}, booktitle = {Sinn und Bedeutung VI: Proceedings of the 6th Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Semantik}, year = 2002, pages = {99--113}, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany}, url = {http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/asw/gfs/common/procSuB6/sites/index2.htm} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich_etal00, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Nat{\"u}rlichsprachlicher {Z}ugang zu {I}nformationsanbietern im {I}nternet und zu lokalen {D}atenbanken}, editor = {Klaus-Dirk Schmitz}, booktitle = {Sprachtechnologie f{\"u}r eine dynamische Wirtschaft im Medienzeitalter}, year = 2000, pages = {79--94}, address = {Wien, Austria}, publisher = {TermNet} } @TechReport{ helbig_gnoerlich_etal96, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Dirk Menke}, title = {Realization of a User-friendly Access to Networked Information Retrieval Systems}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1996, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 196, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich_etal97, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Dirk Menke}, title = {Realization of a User-friendly Access to Networked Information Retrieval Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Natural Language Processing for the World Wide Web}, year = 1997, pages = {62--71}, address = {Stanford, California} } @InProceedings{ helbig_hartrumpf97, author = {Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Word Class Functions for Syntactic-Semantic Analysis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP'97)}, year = 1997, pages = {312--317}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig_hartrumpf97.pdf} } @TechReport{ helbig_herold95, author = {Hermann Helbig and Claus Herold}, title = {{MESNET} -- {A} {M}ultilayered {E}xtended {S}emantic {N}etwork}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1995, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 185, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @TechReport{ helbig_herold_etal94, author = {Hermann Helbig and Claus Herold and Marion Schulz}, title = {A Three Level Classification of Entities for Knowledge Representation Systems}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 162, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @TechReport{ helbig_mertens94a, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{D}er {E}insatz von {W}ort\-klassen\-agenten f{\"u}r die automatische {S}prachverarbeitung -- {T}eil {I} -- {{\"U}}berblick {\"u}ber das {G}esamtsystem}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 158, address = {Hagen}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-mertens-1994-hagen.pdf} } @InProceedings{ helbig_mertens94b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{W}ord {A}gent {B}ased {N}atural {L}anguage {P}rocessing}, editor = {Loe Boves and Anton Nijholt}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th Twente Workshop on Language Technology -- Speech and Language Engineering, Twente, 1 and 2 December 1994}, year = 1994, pages = {65--74}, address = {Enschede}, organization = {Universiteit Twente, Fakulteit Informatica} } @TechReport{ helbig_mertens95, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{T}he {W}ord {C}lass {A}gent {M}achine}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1995, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 169, address = {Hagen}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-mertens-1995-hagen.pdf} } @InProceedings{ helbig_mertens_etal94a, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{D}ie {R}olle des {L}exikons bei der {D}isambiguierung}, editor = {Harald Trost}, booktitle = {KONVENS-94 -- Verarbeitung nat{\"u}rlicher Sprache}, year = 1994, pages = {151--160}, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ helbig_mertens_etal94b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{D}isambiguierung mit {W}ortklassenagenten}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 168, address = {Hagen}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-mertens-schulz-1994-hagen.pdf} } @Book{ helbig_rickens69, author = {G. Helbig and W. Rickens}, title = {{D}ie {N}egation}, publisher = {{VEB} Verlag Enzyklop{\"a}die}, year = 1969 } @Book{ helbig_rickens75, author = {G. Helbig and W. Rickens}, title = {{D}ie {N}egation}, publisher = {{VEB} Verlag Enzyklop{\"a}die}, year = 1969 } @Book{ helbig_schenkel69, author = {Gerhard Helbig and Wolfgang Schenkel}, title = {{W}{\"o}rterbuch zur {V}alenz und {D}istribution deutscher {V}erben}, publisher = {{VEB} Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1969, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ helbig_schenkel83, author = {Gerhard Helbig and Wolfgang Schenkel}, title = {W{\"o}rterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Verben}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1983, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ helbig_schulz96, author = {Hermann Helbig and Marion Schulz}, title = {Knowledge Representation with {MESNET} -- {A} Multilayered Extended Semantic Network}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1996, type = {Informatik-Berichte}, number = 197, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @InProceedings{ helbig_schulz97, author = {Hermann Helbig and Marion Schulz}, title = {Knowledge Representation with {MESNET}: {A} Multilayered Extended Semantic Network}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Ontological Engineering}, year = 1997, pages = {64--72}, address = {Stanford, California} } @Book{ helman88, editor = {D. H. Helman}, title = {Analogical Reasoning}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1988, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ hemforth93, author = {Barbara Hemforth}, title = {{K}ognitives {P}arsing: {R}epr{\"a}sentation und {V}erarbeitung sprachlichen {W}issens}, publisher = {Infix}, year = 1993, volume = 40, series = {Dissertationen zur {K}{\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz ({DISKI})}, address = {Sankt Augustin, Germany} } @InProceedings{ hendrix75, author = {G. G. Hendrix}, title = {Expanding the Utility of Semantic Networks through Partitioning}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th AI-Congress}, year = 1975, pages = {115--121}, address = {Tbilissi} } @InCollection{ hendrix79, author = {G. G. Hendrix}, title = {Encoding Knowledge in Partitioned Networks}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks -- Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {51--92}, address = {New York}, bib = {HA} } @Article{ hengel_pfeifer05, author = {Christel Hengel and Barbara Pfeifer}, title = {Kooperation der {P}ersonennamendatei ({PND}) mit {W}ikipedia}, journal = {Dialog mit Bibliotheken}, year = 2005, volume = 17, number = 3, pages = {18--24} } @Book{ hermes67, author = {Hans Hermes}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {V}erbandstheorie}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1967, address = {Berlin}, edition = 2, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @TechReport{ hermodsson78, author = {L. Hermodsson}, title = {{S}emantische {S}trukturen der {S}atzgef{\"u}ge im kausalen und konditionalen {B}ereich}, institution = {University of Uppsala}, year = 1978, type = {Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis}, address = {Uppsala} } @InProceedings{ herrera_penas_etal04, author = {Jes{\'u}s Herrera and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Felisa Verdejo}, title = {Question Answering Pilot Task at {CLEF} 2004}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {445--452}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ herrera_penas_etal05, author = {Jes{\'u}s Herrera and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Felisa Verdejo}, title = {Question Answering Pilot Task at {CLEF} 2004}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {581--590}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_57}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Book{ herskovits86, author = {Anette Herskovits}, title = {Language and Spatial Cognition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1986, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Book{ hertzberg89, author = {Joachim Hertzberg}, title = {Planen -- {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {P}lanerstellungsmethoden der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, publisher = {{BI} Wissenschaftsverlag}, year = 1989, address = {Mannheim} } @InCollection{ herzog_rist90, author = {G. Herzog and T. Rist and E. Andre}, title = {Sprache und {R}aum: {N}at{\"u}rlichsprachlicher {Z}ugang zu visuellen {D}aten}, editor = {C. F. und C. Habel}, booktitle = {Repr{\"a}sentation und Verarbeitung r{\"a}umlichen Wissens}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1990, pages = {207--220}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ herzog_rollinger91, editor = {O. Herzog and C.-R. Rollinger}, title = {Text Understanding in LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ hewstone89, author = {Miles Hewstone}, title = {Causal attribution: from cognitive processes to collective beliefs}, publisher = {Basil Blackwell Ltd.}, year = 1989, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ heydrich78, author = {W. Heydrich}, title = {Argumentrollenindikatoren}, editor = {C. Biasci and J. Fritsche}, booktitle = {Texttheorie, Textrepr{\"a}sentation -- Theoretische Grundlagen der kanonischen sinnsemantischen Repr{\"a}sentation von Texten}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, year = 1978, number = 18, series = {Papiere zur Textlinguistik}, pages = {97--113}, address = {Hamburg}, bib = {DO} } @Article{ heyting30, author = {A. Heyting}, title = {Die formalen {R}egeln der intuitionistischen {L}ogik}, journal = {Sitzungsberichte der Preu{\ss}ischen Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl}, year = 1930, pages = {42--56} } @Book{ hill_lloyd94, author = {P. M. Hill and J. W. Lloyd}, title = {The G{\"o}del Programming Language}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1994, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ hillis85, author = {D. W. Hillis}, title = {The Connection Machine}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ himsolt96, author = {M. Himsolt}, title = {The Graphlet System}, booktitle = {Symposium of Graph Drawing, GD '96}, year = 1996, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {233--240}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1190 } @InProceedings{ hindle90, author = {Donald M. Hindle}, title = {Noun Classification from Predicate-Argument Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1990, pages = {268--275} } @Article{ hindle_rooth93, author = {Donald Hindle and Mats Rooth}, title = {Structural Ambiguity and Lexical Relations}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1993, volume = 19, number = 1, pages = {103--120}, month = mar, annote = {prepositional phrase attachment, lexical preference, parsing} } @Book{ hinst74, author = {Peter Hinst}, title = {{L}ogische {P}rop{\"a}deutik}, publisher = {Wilhelm Fink}, year = 1974, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ hintikka73, author = {J. Hintikka}, title = {Grammar an Logic: Some Borderline Problems}, editor = {J. Hintikka and J. Moravcsik and P. Suppes}, booktitle = {Approaches to Natural Language}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1973, pages = 197, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ hirschman_chinchor97, author = {Lynette Hirschman and Nancy Chinchor}, title = {{MUC-7} Coreference Task Definition (Version 3.0)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}, year = 1997, url = {http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/} } @InProceedings{ hirschman_robinson_etal98, author = {Lynette Hirschman and Patricia Robinson and John Burger and Marc Vilain}, title = {Automating Coreference: The Role of Annotated Training Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Applying Machine Learning to Discourse Processing}, year = 1998, pages = {}, address = {Stanford, California}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9803001} } @Book{ hirst87, author = {Graeme Hirst}, title = {Semantic Interpretation and the Resolution of Ambiguity}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1987, series = {Studies in Natural Language Processing}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ hobbs86, author = {Jerry A. Hobbs}, title = {Resolving Pronoun References}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {339--352}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ hobbs86b, author = {Jerry R. Hobbs}, title = {Overview of the {TACITUS} Project}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1986, volume = 12, number = 3, pages = {220--222}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ hobbs88, author = {Hobbs, Jerry R. and Stickel, Mark and Martin, Paul and Edwards, Douglas D.}, title = {Interpretation as abduction}, booktitle = {26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference}, year = 1988, pages = {95--103}, address = {Buffalo, New York} } @InCollection{ hobbs_appelt_etal97, author = {Jerry R. Hobbs and Douglas Appelt and John Bear and David Israel and Megumi Kameyama and Mark Stickel and Mabry Tyson}, title = {{FASTUS}: {A} Cascaded Finite-State Transducer for Extracting Information from Natural-Language Text}, editor = {Emmanuel Roche and Yves Schabes}, booktitle = {Finite-State Language Processing}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1997, pages = {383--406}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ hoeppner_etal83, author = {W. Hoeppner and others}, title = {Beyond Domain-independence: Experience with the Development of a {G}erman Language Access System to highly Diverse Background System}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-83)}, year = 1983, pages = {588--594}, address = {Karlsruhe} } @Book{ hoffmann86, author = {J. Hoffmann}, title = {Die {W}elt der {B}egriffe}, publisher = {Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften}, year = 1986, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ hofstadter86, author = {D. G. Hofstadter}, title = {G{\"o}del, {E}scher, {B}ach: {E}in ewiges geflochtenes {B}and}, publisher = {Klett-Cotta}, year = 1986, address = {Stuttgart} } @InCollection{ holland_rossol_etal79, author = {S. W. Holland and L. Rossol and M. R. Ward}, title = {{CONSIGHT-1}: A Vision-controlled Robot System for Transferring parts from Belt Conveyors}, editor = {G. G. Dodd and L. Rossol}, booktitle = {Computer vision and sensor based robots}, publisher = {Plenum}, year = 1979, pages = {81--100}, address = {New York} } @Book{ holt87, author = {Brian P. Holt}, title = {UNIMARC Manual}, publisher = {British Library}, year = 1987, address = {London} } @Book{ hopcroft_ullman79, author = {John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman}, title = {Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1979, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601 K-1699} } @InProceedings{ horrocks99, author = {I. Horrocks and U. Sattler and S. Tobies}, title = {Practical Reasoning for Expressive Description Logics}, editor = {H. Ganzinger and D. McAllester and A. Voronkov}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Logic for Programming and Automated Reasoning {(LPAR'99)}}, year = 1999, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {161--180}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, number = 1705, url = {download/1999/lpar99.ps.gz} } @Article{ horrocks_patel-schneider_etal03, author = {I. Horrocks and P. Patel-Schneider and F. {van Harmelen}}, title = {From {SHIQ} and {RDF} to {OWL}: The Making of a Web Ontology Language}, journal = {Journal of Web Semantics}, year = 2003, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {7--26} } @Article{ hovy93, author = {Eduard H. Hovy}, title = {Automated Discourse Generation Using Discourse Structure Relations}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1993, volume = 63, pages = {341--385} } @InProceedings{ hovy_gerber_etal01, author = {Eduard Hovy and Laurie Gerber and Ulf Hermjakob and Michael Junk and Chin-Yew Lin}, title = {Question Answering in Webclopedia}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the TREC-9 Conference, NIST}, year = 2001, address = {Information Sciences Institute University of Southern California} } @Book{ huber96, author = {Gerald Huber}, title = {{JAVA:} die Referenz}, publisher = {Heise}, year = 1996, address = {Hannover} } @InProceedings{ humphreys_gaizauskas_etal98, author = {Kevin Humphreys and Robert Gaizauskas and Saliha Azzam and C. Huyck and B. Mitchell and H. Cunningham and Yorick Wilks}, title = {University of {S}heffield: Description of the {LaSIE-II} System as Used for {MUC-7}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}, year = 1998, url = {http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/} } @Article{ hwang_gosh_etal87, author = {K. Hwang and J. Gosh and R. Chowkwanyun}, title = {Computer Architectures for Artificial Intelligence Processing}, journal = {Computer}, year = 1987, volume = 20, number = 1 } @Proceedings{ iecon91, title = {Proc. International Conference on {AI} Applications (IECON 91)}, year = 1991, volume = {1-3}, address = {Kobe, Japan}, publisher = {IEEE New York}, key = {IECON} } @InCollection{ iris_litowitz_etal88, author = {M. A. Iris and B. E. Litowitz and M. Evens}, title = {Problems of the Part-Whole Relation}, editor = {M. Evens}, booktitle = {Relational Models of the Lexicon -- Representing Knowledge in Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1988, chapter = 12, pages = {261--288}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @PhDThesis{ ismail01, author = {Haythem O. Ismail}, title = {Reasoning and Acting in Time}, school = {University at Buffalo, the State University of New York: Department of Computer Science and Engineering}, year = 2001, type = {Technical Report 2001-11} } @Book{ iso_prolog95, editor = {ISO}, title = {ISO/IEC 13211: Information Technology -- Programming Languages -- Prolog -- Part 1: General Core}, publisher = {International Organization for Standardization}, year = 1995, mon = jun } @Book{ iso_prologb95, editor = {ISO}, title = {ISO/IEC 13211: Information Technology -- Programming Languages -- Prolog -- Part 2: Modules (Working Draft 8.1)}, publisher = {International Organization for Standardization}, year = 1995, mon = aug } @Book{ iwanska_shapiro_etal00, editor = {L. Iwanska and S. Shapiro and C. Stuart and M. Lucja}, title = {Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 2000, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jackendoff72, author = {Ray Jacken\-doff}, title = {Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1972, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jackendoff83, author = {Ray Jacken\-doff}, title = {Semantics and Cognition}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1983, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jackendoff90, author = {Ray Jackendoff}, title = {Semantic Structures}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1990, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jacobs94, author = {Joachim Jacobs}, title = {{K}ontra {V}alenz}, publisher = {WVT}, year = 1994, address = {Trier} } @Book{ jacobson_christerson_etal92, author = {Ivar Jacobson and Magnus Christerson and Patrik Jonsson and Gunnar {\"O}vergaard}, title = {Object-Oriented Software Engineering -- {A} Use Case Driven Approach}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1992, address = {Wokingham, England} } @Book{ jaegle80, author = {Pierre Jaegle}, title = {Grundfragen naturwissenschaftlicher und philosophischer Erkenntnis}, publisher = {Pahl-{R}ugenstein}, year = 1980, address = {K{\"o}ln} } @Article{ jaffar_maher94, author = {Joxan Jaffar and Michael J. Maher}, title = {Constraint Logic Programming: a Survey}, journal = {Journal of Logic Programming}, year = 1994, volume = {19,20}, pages = {503--581} } @InCollection{ janas_schwind79, author = {J. M. Janas and C. B. Schwind}, title = {Extensional {S}emantic {N}etworks}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks -- Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {267--305}, address = {New York}, bib = {HA} } @TechReport{ jenge05, author = {Constantin Jenge}, title = {{BenToWeb} Deliverable {D6.1}}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2005, url = {http://www.bentoweb.org/documents}, annote = {Description of Syntactic-semantic Phenomena which can be Automatically Controlled by {NLP} Techniques if Set as Criteria by Certain Guidelines} } @InProceedings{ jenge_hartrumpf_etal06, author = {Constantin Jenge and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Automatic Control of Simple Language in Web Pages}, editor = {Klaus Miesenberger and Joachim Klaus and Wolfgang Zagler and Arthur Karshmer}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs (ICCHP 2006)}, year = 2006, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 4061, pages = {207--214}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {3-540-36020-4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11788713_31} } @InProceedings{ jijkoun_mishne_etal04, author = {Valentin Jijkoun and Gilad Mishne and Maarten {de Rijke} and Stefan Schlobach and David Ahn and Karin M{\"u}ller}, title = {The {U}niversity of {A}msterdam at {QA@CLEF} 2004}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {321--324}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @InProceedings{ jirku_hajic82, author = {Petr Jirk\r{u} and Jan Haji\v{c}}, title = {Inferencing And Search For An Answer in {TIBAQ}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 82)}, year = 1982, pages = {139--141}, address = {Prague} } @Book{ johnson-laird83, author = {Philip N. Johnson-Laird}, title = {Mental {M}odels: {T}owards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = 1983, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, bib = {DO C13136} } @Article{ johnson91, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Features and Formulae}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1991, volume = 17, number = 1, pages = {131--151}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ johnson91b, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Logic and Feature Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 2, pages = {992--996} } @Article{ johnson94, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Two Ways of Formalizing Grammars}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 1994, volume = 17, pages = {221--248} } @Article{ johnson94b, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Computing with Features as Formulae}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1994, volume = 20, number = 1, pages = {1--25}, month = mar } @Book{ jones79, author = {D. S. Jones Jones}, title = {Elementary Information Theory}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1979, address = {Oxford}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ jones_gomard_etal93, author = {Neil D. Jones and Carsten K. Gomard and Peter Sestoft}, title = {Partial Evaluation and Automatic Program Generation}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1993, address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey} } @InProceedings{ jones_purves_etal02, author = {Christopher B. Jones and R. Purves and Anne Ruas and Mark Sanderson and Monika Sester and Marc J. {van Kreveld} and Robert Weibel}, title = {Spatial information retrieval and geographical ontologies -- An overview of the {SPIRIT} project}, booktitle = {SIGIR 2002}, year = 2002, pages = {387--388} } @Book{ jones_somers97, editor = {Daniel Jones and Harold Somers}, title = {New Methods in Language Processing}, publisher = {University College Press}, year = 1997, address = {London} } @TechReport{ josefsson06, author = {Simon Josefsson}, title = {RFC 4648: The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings}, institution = {IETF}, year = 2006 } @InCollection{ joshi85, author = {Aravind K. Joshi}, title = {Tree adjoining grammars: {H}ow much context-sensitivity is required to provide reasonable structural descriptions?}, pages = {206--250}, crossref = {dowty_karttunen_etal85} } @InProceedings{ juarez-gonzalez_tellez-valero_etal06, author = {Antonio Ju{\'a}rez-Gonzalez and Alberto T{\'e}llez-Valero and Claudia Denicia-Carral and Manuel Montes-y-G{\'o}mez and Luis Villase{\~n}or-Pineda}, title = {{INAOE} at {CLEF} 2006: Experiments in {S}panish Question Answering}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, Spanish, almost NLP-free} } @Book{ juhos54, author = {B. Juhos}, title = {{E}lemente der neuen {L}ogik}, publisher = {Humbolt Verlag}, year = 1954, address = {Frankfurt/M.} } @Book{ jung82, author = {W. Jung}, title = {Grammatik der Deutschen {S}prache}, publisher = {Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1982, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ kamei_wakao92, author = {{Shin-ichiro} Kamei and Takahiro Wakao}, title = {Metonymy: {R}eassessment, Survey of Acceptability, and its Treatment in Machine Translation Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'92)}, year = 1992, pages = {309--311}, address = {Newark, Delaware} } @InProceedings{ kameyama97, author = {Megumi Kameyama}, title = {Recognizing Referential Links: An Information Extraction Perspective}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {46--53}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Manual{ kamins85, author = {S. Kamins}, title = {Instruction Manual Q \& A version 1.0}, organization = {Symantec}, address = {Cupertino}, year = 1985, note = {Symantec Doc. No.1-001} } @InCollection{ kamp81, author = {H. Kamp}, title = {{A} {T}heory of {T}ruth and {S}emantic {R}epresentation}, editor = {I. A. G. Groenendijk}, booktitle = {Formal Methods in the Study of Language}, publisher = {Mathematic Centrum}, year = 1981, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ kamp_reyle93, author = {Hans Kamp and Uwe Reyle}, title = {From Discourse to Logic: Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1993, series = {Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, number = 42 } @Book{ kant76, author = {Immanuel Kant}, title = {Kritik der reinen {V}ernunft}, publisher = {Meiner}, year = 1976, address = {Hamburg} } @InCollection{ kaplan_bresnan82, author = {Ronald M. Kaplan and Joan W. Bresnan}, title = {Lexical-Functional Grammar: A Formal System for Grammatical Representation}, editor = {Joan W. Bresnan}, booktitle = {The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1982, pages = {173--281}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ karttunen84, author = {L. Karttunen}, title = {Features and Values}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 84)}, year = 1984, pages = {28--33} } @InProceedings{ kasper87, author = {Robert T. Kasper}, title = {A Unification Method for Disjunctive Feature Descriptions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1987, pages = {235--?} } @InProceedings{ kasper_rounds86, author = {Robert T. Kasper and William C. Rounds}, title = {A Logical Semantics for Feature Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1986, pages = {257--266} } @InProceedings{ kato_fukumoto_etal04, author = {Tsuneaki Kato and Jun'ichi Fukumoto and Fumito Masui and Noriko Kando}, title = {Handling Information Access Dialogue through {QA} Technologies - {A} Novel Challenge for Open-domain Question Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering at HLT-NAACL 2004}, year = 2004, pages = {70--77}, address = {Boston, Massachusetts}, month = may } @Article{ katz87, author = {Slava M. Katz}, title = {Estimation of Probabilities from Sparse Data for the Language Model Component of a Speech Recognizer}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}, year = 1987, volume = 35, number = 3, pages = {400--401}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ katz88, author = {Boris Katz}, title = {Using {E}nglish for indexing and retrieving}, booktitle = {Proc. 2nd RIAO Conference on User-Oriented Content-Based Text and Image Handling (RIAO '88)}, year = 1988, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ katz97, author = {Boris Katz}, title = {Annotating the World Wide Web Using Natural Language}, booktitle = {Proc. 5th RIAO Conference on computer Assisted Information Searching on the Internet}, year = 1997, address = {Montreal, Canada} } @InCollection{ kaufmann89, author = {Ingrid Kaufmann}, title = {Direktionale {P}r{\"a}positionen}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {128--149}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InCollection{ kay85, author = {Martin Kay}, title = {Parsing in Functional Unification Grammar}, editor = {David R. Dowty and Lauri Karttunen and Arnold M. Zwicky}, booktitle = {Natural Language Parsing}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1985, pages = {251--278}, address = {Cambridge, England}, comment = {avoid cross reference} } @InCollection{ kay85a, author = {Martin Kay}, title = {Parsing in Functional Unification Grammar}, pages = {251--278}, crossref = {dowty_karttunen_etal85} } @InProceedings{ kayaalp_pedersen_etal97, author = {Mehmet Kayaalp and Ted Pedersen and Rebecca Bruce}, title = {A Statistical Decision Making Method: A Case Study on Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-97)}, year = 1997, pages = {33--42}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Manual{ keem84, author = {Intelicorp}, title = {{KEE}-Manual}, organization = {Intelicorp}, address = {Mountain View, California}, year = 1984 } @Book{ keene89, author = {Sonya E. Keene}, title = {Object-Oriented Programming in Common Lisp}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1989, address = {Wokingham, England} } @InProceedings{ kehler97, author = {Andrew Kehler}, title = {Probabilistic Coreference in Information Extraction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-2)}, year = 1997, pages = {163--173}, address = {Providence, Rhode Island}, organization = {Brown University} } @Book{ keller_paul95, author = {J. Keller and W. Paul}, title = {{H}ardware {D}esign. {F}ormaler {E}ntwurf digitaler {S}chaltungen}, publisher = {Teubner}, year = 1995, address = {Stuttgart} } @Article{ kelsey_clinger_etal98, author = {Richard Kelsey and William Clinger and Jonathan Rees}, title = {Revised$^{5}$ Report on the Algorithmic Language {Scheme}}, journal = {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}, year = 1998, volume = 33, number = 9, pages = {26--76}, month = sep } @Article{ kelsey_clinger_etal98b, author = {Richard Kelsey and William Clinger and Jonathan Rees}, title = {Revised$^{5}$ Report on the Algorithmic Language {Scheme}}, journal = {Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation}, year = 1998, volume = 11, number = 1, pages = {7--105}, month = aug } @Article{ kemper87, author = {Susan Kemper}, title = {Life-span Changes in Syntactic Complexity}, journal = {Journal of Gerontology}, year = 1987, volume = 42, pages = {323--328} } @InCollection{ kempler_zilinski94, author = {D. Kempler and E. M. Zilinski}, title = {Language in Dementia and Normal Aging}, editor = {F. A. Huppert and C. Brayne and D. W. O'Connor}, booktitle = {Dementia and Normal Aging}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1994, pages = {331--365} } @Book{ kempson75, author = {Ruth Kempson}, title = {Presupposition and the Delimitation of Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1975, address = {Cambridge} } @Book{ kempson_cann05, author = {Ronnie Cann and Ruth Kempson and Lutz Marten}, title = {The Dynamics of Language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, year = 2005, address = {forthcoming} } @Book{ kennedy99, editor = {Christopher Kennedy}, title = {Projecting the Adjektive}, publisher = {Garland Publishing}, year = 1999, address = {New York, London} } @InProceedings{ kennedy_boguarev96, author = {Christopher Kennedy and Branimir Boguarev}, title = {Anaphora for Everyone: Pronominal Anaphora Resolution without a Parser}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 96)}, year = 1996, pages = {113--118}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, month = aug } @Misc{ kennedy_wheeler_leveling08, author = {James Kennedy and Gregory Wheeler and Johannes Leveling}, title = {A dialogue on the reality of selves and other abstract things}, year = 2008, note = {In preparation} } @InCollection{ kerschberg_klug_etal76, author = {L. Kerschberg and A Klug and D. Tsichritzis}, title = {At Taxonomy of Data Models}, editor = {P. C. Lockemann and E. Neuhold}, booktitle = {Systems for large data bases}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1976, pages = {43--64}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ khoo_sundaresh91, author = {S. C. Khoo and R. S. Sundaresh}, title = {Compiling Inheritance using Partial Evaluation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on Partial Evaluation and Semantics-Based Program Manipulation}, year = 1991, pages = {211--222}, month = jun, note = {(SIGPLAN Notices 26(9))} } @InCollection{ kiefer72, author = {F. Kiefer}, title = {{\"U}ber {P}r{\"a}suppositionen}, editor = {F. Kiefer}, booktitle = {Semantik und generative Grammatik II}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1972, address = {Frankfurt} } @InCollection{ kilgarriff95, author = {Adam Kilgarriff}, title = {Inheriting Polysemy}, editor = {Patrick Saint-Dizier and Evelyne Viegas}, booktitle = {Computational Lexical Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1995, pages = {319--335}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ kilgarriff_gazdar95, author = {Adam Kilgarriff and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {Polysemous Relations}, editor = {F. R. Palmer}, booktitle = {Grammar and Meaning: Essays in Honour of Sir John Lyons}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1995, pages = {1--25}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ kimball73, author = {John Kimball}, title = {Seven Principles of Surface Structure Parsing in Natural Language}, journal = {Cognition}, year = 1973, volume = 2, pages = {15--47} } @Book{ kintsch98, author = {Walter Kintsch}, title = {Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1998, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ kipper92, author = {B. Kipper}, title = {Eine {D}isambiguierungskomponente f\"ur {M}odalverben}, editor = {G. G{\"o}rz}, booktitle = {Konvens 92: 1. Konferenz ``Verarbeitung nat\"urlicher Sprache''}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1992, pages = {258--267}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ kittredge03, author = {Richard I. Kittredge}, title = {Sublanguages and Controlled Languages}, editor = {Ruslan Mitkov}, booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 2003, pages = {430--447}, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ klare00, author = {George R. Klare}, title = {Readable Computer Documentation}, journal = {ACM Journal of Computer Documentation}, year = 2000, volume = 24, number = 3, pages = {148--168} } @Book{ klare63, author = {George R. Klare}, title = {The Measurement of Readability}, publisher = {Iowa State University Press}, year = 1963, address = {Ames, Iowa} } @Book{ klaus_buhr65, editor = {Georg Klaus and Manfred Buhr}, title = {Philosophisches {W\"o}rterbuch}, publisher = {VEB Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1965, address = {Leipzig}, german = {} } @Book{ klavans_resnik96, editor = {Judith L. Klavans and Philip Resnik}, title = {The Balancing Act: {C}ombining Symbolic and Statistical Approaches to Language}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1996, series = {Language, Speech, and Communication}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ klein95, author = {Harald Klein}, title = {{C}omputerunterst{\"u}tzte {I}nhaltsanalyse mit {INTEXT}}, publisher = {LIT Verlag}, year = 1995, address = {M{\"u}nster} } @Book{ klein_levelt81, editor = {Wolfgang Klein and Willem Levelt}, title = {Crossing the Boundaries in Linguistics}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1981, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ klir_folger88, author = {G. J. Klir and T. A. Folger}, title = {Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty and Information}, publisher = {Prentice-Hall}, year = 1988, address = {New York} } @Book{ klix_hoffmann80, editor = {F. Klix and J. Hoffmann}, title = {Cognition and memory}, publisher = {Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften}, year = 1980, address = {Berlin} } @Proceedings{ klose_lang_etal92, title = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG, Wissensmodellierung im IBM Deutschland LILOG-Projekt}, year = 1992, editor = {Gudrun Klose and Ewald Lang and Thomas Pirlein}, volume = 307, series = {Informatik-Fachberichte}, publisher = {Springer}, booktitle = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG}, isbn = {3-540-55306-1}, bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de} } @InCollection{ kluck_gey01, author = {Michael Kluck and Fredric C. Gey}, title = {The Domain-Specific Task of {CLEF} --- Specific Evaluation Strategies in Cross-Language Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Cross-Language Information Retrieval and Evaluation. Workshop of the Cross-Language Information Evaluation Forum (CLEF 2000)}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2001, volume = 2069, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {48--56}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ klute96, author = {Rainer Klute}, title = {Das World Wide Web}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1996, address = {Bonn} } @InProceedings{ knoll_altenschmidt_etal98, author = {Alois Knoll and Christian Altenschmidt and Joachim Biskup and Hans-Martin Bl{\"u}thgen and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Christiane Henning and Y{\"u}cel Karabulut and Reinhard L{\"u}ling and Burkhard Monien and Tobias Noll and Norbert Sensen}, title = {An Integrated Approach to Semantic Evaluation and Content-Based Retrieval of Multimedia Documents}, editor = {Christos Nikolaou and Constantine Stephanidis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL'98)}, year = 1998, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 1513, pages = {409--428}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, url = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/c5vuj896m0kyq11y/} } @InProceedings{ knoll_gloeckner00, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers: {A} linguistic technique for data fusion}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ISSEK workshop}, year = 2000, address = {Udine} } @TechReport{ knoll_gloeckner_etal97, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {A System for the Content-Based Retrieval of Textual and Non-Textual Documents Based on Natural Language Queries}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1997, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 97-03}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ knoll_gloeckner_etal98, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {A System for the Content-Based Retrieval of Textual and Non-Textual Documents Using a Natural Language Interface}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1998, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 232, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jul, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/ib232.pdf} } @Article{ knoll_gloeckner_etal98b, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{Informationssuche in Multimedia-Dokumenten -- Auf dem Weg zu einem Hochleistungs-Suchserver}}, journal = {Forschung an der Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1998, volume = 17 } @Article{ kobsa_wahlster88, author = {A. Kobsa and W. Wahlster}, title = {Special Issue on User Modelling}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1988, volume = 14, number = 3 } @Book{ koenitz87, author = {B. Koenitz}, title = {Thema-Rhema-Gliederung und Translation}, publisher = {Verlag Enzyklop{\"a}die}, year = 1987, address = {Leipzig} } @Article{ kohonen82, author = {Teuvo Kohonen}, title = {Self-Organized Formation of Topologically Correct Feature Maps}, journal = {Biological Cybernetics}, year = 1982, volume = 44, pages = {59--69} } @InCollection{ kohonen84, author = {Teuvo Kohonen}, title = {Self-Organizing Feature Maps and Abstractions}, editor = {I. Plander}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence and Information-Control Systems of Robots}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1984, pages = {39--45}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ kohonen89, author = {Teuvo Kohonen}, title = {Self-Organization and Associative Memory}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1989, address = {Berlin}, edition = 3, language = {en}, annote = {aus Zell} } @Book{ kopec_thompson92, author = {C. Kopec and R. B. Thompson}, title = {Artificial intelligence and intelligent tutoring systems:{K}nowledge-based systems for learning and teaching}, publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, year = 1992, address = {New York} } @Book{ kopka00, author = {Helmut Kopka}, title = {Einf{\"u}hrung in {L}a{T}e{X}}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 2000, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @TechReport{ koskenniemi83, author = {Kimmo Koskenniemi}, title = {Two-level Morphology: {A} General Computational Model for Word-Form Recognition and Production}, institution = {Department of General Linguistics, University of Helsinki}, year = 1983, type = {Publication}, number = 11, address = {Helsinki} } @InProceedings{ kraaj97, author = {W. Kraaj}, title = {Multilingual functionality in the twentyone project.}, booktitle = {AAAI Symposium on Cross-Language Text and Speech Retrieval}, year = 1997 } @InProceedings{ krall_vitek_etal97, author = {Andreas Krall and Jan Vitek and R. Nigel Horspool}, title = {Near Optimal Hierarchical Encoding of Types}, booktitle = {ECOOP'97 -- Object-Oriented Programming}, year = 1997, series = {LNCS}, volume = 1241, pages = {128--145}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @Book{ kreiser_gottwald_stelzner88, editor = {L. Kreiser and S. Gottwald and W. Stelzner}, title = {{N}ichtklassische {L}ogik}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1988, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ krenn98, author = {Brigitte Krenn}, title = {A Representation Scheme and Database for German Support-Verb Constructions}, editor = {Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Winfried Lenders and Wolfgang Hess and Thomas Portele}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Natural Language Processing -- {KONVENS-98}}, year = 1998, pages = {33--42}, address = {Frankfurt, Germany}, month = oct, publisher = {Peter Lang} } @TechReport{ krieger93, author = {Hans-Ulrich Krieger}, title = {Derivation without Lexical Rules}, institution = {Deutsches Forschungszentrum f{\"u}r {K}{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 1993, type = {Research report}, number = {{93-27}}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken}, month = jun } @TechReport{ krieger_nerbonne91, author = {Hans-Ulrich Krieger and John Nerbonne}, title = {Feature-based Inheritance Networks for Computational Lexicons}, institution = {Deutsches Forschungszentrum f{\"u}r {K}{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 1991, type = {Research report}, number = {{91-31}}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken}, month = sep } @Article{ kripke59, author = {S. A. Kripke}, title = {A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic}, journal = {Journal of Symbolic Logic}, year = 1959, volume = 24, pages = {1--14} } @Article{ kripke63, author = {S. A. Kripke}, title = {Semantic Analysis of Modal Logic {I}: {N}ormal Modal and Propositional Calculi}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, year = 1963, volume = 9, pages = {67--96} } @InCollection{ kripke72, author = {Saul A. Kripke}, title = {Naming and Necessity}, editor = {Donald Davidson and Gilbert Harman}, booktitle = {Semantics of Natural Language}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1972, pages = {252--355}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ kuerschner83, author = {Wilfried K{\"u}rschner}, title = {Studien zur {N}egation im {D}eutschen}, publisher = {Gunter Narr Verlag}, year = 1983, series = {Studien zur deutschen {G}rammatik}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, number = 12 } @InCollection{ kuipers75, author = {B. J. Kuipers}, title = {A Frame for Frames: {R}epresenting Knowledge for Recognition}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {151--184}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ kuno_oetinger86, author = {S. Kuno and A. G. Oetinger}, title = {Multiple-path syntactic analyzer}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {17--23}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @InCollection{ kunze05, author = {Claudia Kunze}, title = {{S}emantische {R}elationstypen in {G}erma{N}et}, editor = {Stefan Langer and Daniel Schnorbusch}, booktitle = {Semantik im Lexikon}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 2005, number = 479, series = {T{\"u}binger {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur {L}inguistik}, pages = {161--178}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ kunze72, author = {J. Kunze}, title = {{Die Ausla{\ss}barkeit von Satzteilen bei koordinativen Verbindungen im Deutschen}}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1972, series = {Schriften zur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung}, address = {Berlin}, number = 14 } @InCollection{ kunze_wagner01, author = {Claudia Kunze and Andreas Wagner}, title = {Anwendungsperspektiven des {GermaNet}, eines lexikalisch-semantischen {N}etzes f{\"u}r das {D}eutsche}, editor = {Ingrid Lemberg and Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Angelika Storrer}, booktitle = {Chancen und Perspektiven computergest{\"u}tzter Lexikographie}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 2001, volume = 107, series = {Lexicographica Series Maior}, pages = {229--246}, address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany} } @Article{ kwok_etzioni_etal01, author = {Cody Kwok and Oren Etzioni and Daniel S. Weld}, title = {Scaling Question Answering to the Web}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems}, year = 2001, volume = 19, number = 3, pages = {242--262}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/502115.502117} } @Article{ lakoff70, author = {G. Lakoff}, title = {Lingusitics and Natural Logic}, journal = {Synthese}, year = 1970, volume = 22, pages = {151--271} } @Book{ lakoff87, author = {George Lakoff}, title = {Woman, Fire, and Dangerous Things}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1987, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ lakoff_johnson80, author = {George Lakoff and Mark Johnson}, title = {Metaphors We Live By}, publisher = {Chicago University Press}, year = 1980 } @Book{ lamport94, author = {Leslie Lamport}, title = {LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1994, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, edition = 2 } @Book{ lang77, author = {E. Lang}, title = {{Semantik der koordinativen Verkn{\"u}pfung}}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1977, volume = {{XIV}}, series = {Studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ lang89, author = {Ewald Lang}, title = {Prim{\"a}rer {O}rientierungsraum ind inh{\"a}rentes {P}roportionsschema {I}nteragierende {K}ategorisierungsraster bei der {K}onzeptualisierung r{\"a}umlicher {O}bjekte}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {150--173}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InCollection{ lang91, author = {Ewald Lang}, title = {The {LILOG} Ontology from a Linguistic Point of View}, editor = {O. Herzog and C.-R. Rollinger}, booktitle = {Text Understanding in LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, pages = {464--481}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ lang92, author = {E. Lang}, title = {Linguistische vs.~konzeptuelle {A}spekte der {LILOG} {O}ntologie -- {A}nfragen von au{\ss}en}, editor = {G. Klose and E. Lang and Th. Pirlein}, booktitle = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1992, pages = {23--45}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {HA TZH/KLO} } @Book{ langacker90, author = {Ronald Langacker}, title = {Theoretical prerequisites}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = 1990, volume = 1, series = {Foundations of Cognitive Grammar}, address = {Stanford}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ langacker91, author = {Ronald Langacker}, title = {Descriptive application}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = 1991, volume = 2, series = {Foundations of Cognitive Grammar}, address = {Stanford}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ lange54, author = {Heinrich Lange}, title = {Die formalen {G}rundlagen: {Z}eit -- {R}aum -- {K}ausalit{\"a}t}, publisher = {Karl Alber}, year = 1954, series = {Geschichte der {G}rundlagen der {P}hysik}, address = {Freiburg/M{\"u}nchen}, number = 1 } @InCollection{ langer96, author = {Hagen Langer}, title = {{D}isambiguierung von {P}r{\"a}positionalkonstruktionen mit einem syntaktischen {P}arser: {M}{\"o}glichkeiten und {G}renzen}, editor = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, booktitle = {Pr{\"a}positionalsemantik und PP-Anbindung}, publisher = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t Duisburg}, year = 1996, pages = {23--31}, address = {Duisburg} } @InProceedings{ langer_mehl_etal97, author = {Hagen Langer and Stephan Mehl and Martin Volk}, title = {{H}ybride {NLP}-{S}ysteme und das {P}roblem der {PP}-{A}nbindung}, editor = {Stephan Busemann and Karin Harbusch and Stefan Wermter}, booktitle = {Berichtsband des Workshops ''Hybride konnektionistische, statistische und symbolische Ans{\"a}tze zur Verarbeitung nat{\"u}rlicher Sprache'' auf der 21. Deutschen Jahrestagung f{\"u}r K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz (KI-97)}, year = 1997, address = {Freiburg} } @Book{ langer_schulz-von-thun_etal81, author = {Inghard Langer and Friedemann {Schulz von Thun} and Reinhard Tausch}, title = {Sich verst{\"a}ndlich ausdr{\"u}cken}, publisher = {Reinhardt}, year = 1981, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Germany} } @Book{ lappin2000, editor = {Shalom Lappin}, title = {The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory}, publisher = {Shalom Lappin}, year = 2000, address = {Oxford} } @Book{ lappin96, editor = {Shalom Lappin}, title = {The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishers}, year = 1996, address = {Malden, Mass.} } @Article{ lappin_leass94, author = {Shalom Lappin and Herbert Leass}, title = {An Algorithm for Pronominal Anaphora Resolution}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1994, volume = 20, number = 4, pages = {535--561}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ larson_frontiera04, author = {Ray R. Larson and Patricia Frontiera}, title = {Ranking and Representation for Geographic Information Retrieval}, booktitle = {SIGIR 2004}, year = 2004, address = {Sheffield, UK}, month = jul } @MastersThesis{ larsson06, author = {Patrik Larsson}, title = {Classification into Readability Levels}, school = {Department of Linguistics and Philology, University Uppsala}, year = 2006, address = {Uppsala, Sweden} } @Article{ lascarides_briscoe_etal96, author = {Alex Lascarides and Ted Briscoe and Nicholas Asher and Ann Copestake}, title = {Order Independent and Persistent Typed Default Unification}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 1996, volume = 19, number = 1, pages = {1--90} } @TechReport{ lascarides_copestake95, author = {Alex Lascarides and Ann Copestake}, title = {Order Independent Typed Default Unification}, institution = {Cambridge University}, year = 1995, type = {Working paper {ACQUILEX} 2}, number = 60, address = {Cambridge, England}, month = aug } @InProceedings{ laurent_seguela05, author = {Dominique Laurent and Patrick S{\'e}gu{\'e}la}, title = {{QRISTAL}, Syst{\`e}me de Questions-R{\'e}ponses}, booktitle = {Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN) 2005}, year = 2005, pages = {53--62}, address = {Dourdan, France}, month = jun, tags = {QA system, deep QA approach} } @InProceedings{ laurent_seguela_etal05, author = {Dominique Laurent and Patrick S{\'e}gu{\'e}la and Sophie N{\`e}gre}, title = {Cross Lingual Question Answering using {QRISTAL} for {CLEF} 2005}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, publisher = {Centromedia}, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, tags = {QA system, deep QA approach} } @InProceedings{ laurent_seguela_etal06, author = {Dominique Laurent and Patrick S{\'e}gu{\'e}la and Sophie N{\`e}gre}, title = {Cross Lingual Question Answering using {QRISTAL} for {CLEF} 2006}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, deep QA approach} } @Book{ lee91, author = {M. H. Lee}, title = {Intelligente {R}oboter}, publisher = {VCH}, year = 1991, address = {Weinheim} } @Manual{ lefaivre78, author = {R. A. Lefaivre}, title = {{FUZZY} Referenze manual, revised version}, organization = {Rutgers Univ.: Computer Science Dept.}, month = jun, year = 1978 } @Book{ lehmann92, editor = {Fritz Lehmann}, title = {Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Pergamon Press}, year = 1992, address = {Oxford} } @TechReport{ lehrer89, author = {A. Lehrer}, title = {Polysemy, Conventionality, and the Structure of the Lexicon}, institution = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t}, year = 1989, type = {{LAUD}-Bericht}, number = {A 240}, address = {Duisburg} } @Book{ lehrndorfer96, author = {Anne Lehrndorfer}, title = {Kontrolliertes {D}eutsch. {L}inguistische und sprachpsychologische {L}eitlinien f\"ur eine (maschinell) kontrollierte {S}prache in der {T}echnischen {D}okumentation}, publisher = {Gunter Narr Verlag}, year = 1996, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ leidner04, author = {Jochen L. Leidner}, title = {Towards a Reference Corpus for Automatic Toponym Resolution Evaluation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval held at the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference (SIGIR 2004)}, year = 2004, address = {Sheffield, UK} } @Book{ lemnitzer97, author = {Lothar Lemnitzer}, title = {{A}kquisition komplexer {L}exeme aus {T}extkorpora}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1997, series = {Germanistische Linguistik}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, number = 180 } @InCollection{ lenat79, author = {D. B. Lenat}, title = {On Automated Scientific Theory Formation: A Case Study using the {AM} Program}, editor = {J. E. Hayes and D. Michie and L. I. Mikulich}, booktitle = {Machine Intelligence 9}, publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, year = 1979, pages = {251--283}, address = {Chichester, England} } @Article{ lenat80, author = {D. B. Lenat}, title = {The Nature of Heuristics}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 19, pages = {189--249} } @Article{ lenat83, author = {D. B. Lenat}, title = {{EURISCO}: A Program that Learns new Heuristics and Domain Concepts}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1983, volume = 21, number = {1/2}, pages = {61--98} } @Book{ lenat_guha90, author = {D. B. Lenat and R. V. Guha}, title = {Building Large Knowledge-based Systems: Representation and Inference in the {Cyc} Project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1990, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ lenders93, author = {W. Lenders}, title = {{S}trukturelle {E}igenschaften von {B}edeutungserkl{\"a}rungen deutscher {V}erben}, editor = {K. J. Mattheier et al.}, booktitle = {Vielfalt des Deutschen: Festschrift f{\"u}r Werner Besch}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 1993, pages = {429--459}, address = {Frankfurt am Main} } @Article{ letsche_berry97, author = {Todd A. Letsche and Michael W. Berry}, title = {Large-Scale Information Retrieval with Latent Semantic Indexing}, journal = {Information Sciences}, year = 1997, volume = 100, number = {1-4}, pages = {105--137} } @InProceedings{ leveling03, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2003: Natural Language Access to the {GIRT4} Data}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2003 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2003 Workshop}, year = 2003, pages = {253--262}, address = {Trondheim, Norway}, month = aug, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2003/WN_web/30.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling04, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2003: Natural Language Access to the {GIRT4} Data}, editor = {Carol Peters and Julio Gonzalo and Martin Braschler and Michael Kluck}, booktitle = {Comparative Evaluation of Multilingual Information Access Systems: 4th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2003}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2004, volume = 3237, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {412--424}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0302-9743&volume=3237&spage=412} } @InProceedings{ leveling04a, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Feedback Mechanisms for a Natural Language Interface: An Application of the Critic Paradigm}, booktitle = {Proceedings of RIAO 2004 (Recherche d'Information Assist{\'e}e par Ordinateur -- Computer assisted information retrieval)}, year = 2004, pages = {431--446}, address = {Avignon, France}, month = apr, publisher = {Le Centre de Hautes Etudes Internationales d'informatique Documentaire -- C.I.D.}, url = {http://www.riao.org/Proceedings-2004/papers/0491.pdf}, isbn = {2905450-09-6} } @InCollection{ leveling05b, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2005: Towards a Better Baseline for {NLP} Methods in Domain-Specific Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2005/working_notes/workingnotes2005/leveling05.pdf} } @Book{ leveling06, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Formale Interpretation von Nutzeranfragen f{\"u}r nat{\"u}rlichsprachliche Interfaces zu Informationsangeboten im Internet}, publisher = {Der andere Verlag, T{\"o}nning, Germany}, year = 2006, isbn = {3-89959-563-7} } @PhDThesis{ leveling06a, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Formale Interpretation von Nutzeranfragen f{\"u}r nat{\"u}rlichsprachliche Interfaces zu Informationsangeboten im Internet}, school = {Fachbereich Informatik, FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2006, type = {Dissertation}, note = {Also appears in: Der andere Verlag, T{\"o}nning, Germany, 2006} } @InCollection{ leveling06b, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {A Baseline for {NLP} in Domain-Specific Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Henning M{\"u}ller and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)}, pages = {222--225}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-45697-X} } @InProceedings{ leveling06c, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2006: Reranking Documents for the Domain-specific Task}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2006/working_notes/workingnotes2006/levelingCLEF2006.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling06d, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {On the Role of Information Retrieval in the Question Answering System {IRSAW}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the LWA 2006 (Learning, Knowledge, and Adaptability), Workshop Information Retrieval}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Hildesheim}, year = 2006, pages = {119--125}, address = {Hildesheim, Germany}, url = {http://web1.bib.uni-hildesheim.de/2006/fgir2006/Leveling.pdf} , annote = {ISSN 0941-3014, Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik, Fachgruppe Information Retrieval}, editors = {Martin Schaaf and Klaus-Dieter Althoff} } @InCollection{ leveling07, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {{IRSAW} -- Towards Semantic Annotation of Documents for Question Answering}, booktitle = {CNI Spring 2007 Task Force Meeting}, publisher = {CNI}, year = 2007, address = {Phoenix, Arizona}, month = apr, url = {http://www.cni.org/tfms/2007a.spring/abstracts/PB-irsaw-leveling.html} } @InProceedings{ leveling07b, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {{FUH} ({F}ern{U}niversit{\"a}t in {H}agen): Metonymy Recognition Using Different Kinds of Context for a Memory-Based Learner}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SemEval I}, year = 2007, pages = {153--156}, address = {Prague, Czech Republic}, url = {http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W07/W07-2031.pdf} } @InProceedings{ leveling07c, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Exploring Term Selection for Geographic Blind Feedback}, booktitle = {Proceedings of GIR-2007, the 4th Workshop on Geographical Information Retrieval (hosted by CIKM 2007)}, year = 2007, address = {Lisbon, Portugal} } @InCollection{ leveling07d, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {A Modified Information Retrieval Approach to Produce Answer Candidates for Question Answering}, editor = {Alexander Hinneburg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the LWA 2007 (Lernen-Wissen-Adaption), Workshop FGIR}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, year = 2007, address = {Halle/Saale, Germany}, isbn = {978-3-86010-907-6} } @InCollection{ leveling07e, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Reranking Documents with Antagonistic Terms}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {170--173}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74999-8_24} } @InCollection{ leveling08, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Improving Response Time for Question Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the LWA 2008}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, year = 2008, address = {W{\"u}rzburg, Germany}, note = {To appear} } @MastersThesis{ leveling98, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Evaluation von {M}ultithreading in {A}rchitekturen mit unterschiedlichen {S}peichermodellen}, school = {Carl-von-Ossietzky Universit{\"a}t Oldenburg, Abteilung Rechnerarchitekturen}, year = 1998, type = {Diplomarbeit}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf04, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2004: Indexing and Translating Concepts for the {GIRT} Task}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {199--208}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2004/working_notes/WorkingNotes2004/25.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf05, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2004: Indexing and Translating Concepts for the {GIRT} Task}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {271--282}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_28}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {On Metonymy Recognition for {GIR}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of GIR-2006, the 3rd Workshop on Geographical Information Retrieval (hosted by SIGIR 2006)}, year = 2006, address = {Seattle, Washington}, url = {http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~rsp/gir06/papers/individual/leveling.pdf} } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf07c, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {GeoCLEF} 2007: Exploring Location Indicators for Geographic Information Retrieval}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2007/working_notes/levelingCLEF2007.pdf} , isbn = {2-912335-32-9} } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf08, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Inferring Location Names for Geographic Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters and Valentin Jijkoun and Thomas Mandl and Henning M{\"u}ller and Douglas W. Oard and Anselmo Pe{\~{n}}as and Vivien Petras and Diana Santos}, booktitle = {Advances in Multilingual and Multimodal Information Retrieval: 8th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2007}, year = 2008, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)}, volume = 5152, pages = {773--780}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {978-3-540-85759-4} } @Article{ leveling_hartrumpf08b, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {On Metonymy Recognition for Geographic Information Retrieval}, journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science}, year = 2008, volume = 22, number = 3, pages = {289--299} } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf08c, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {GeoCLEF} 2008: {C}ombining {IR} and {QA} for Geographic Information Retrieval}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2008 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2008 Workshop}, year = 2008, address = {Aarhus, Denmark}, month = sep, isbn = {2-912335-43-4}, issn = {1818-8044} } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf09, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Integrating Methods from {IR} and {QA} for Geographic Information Retrieval}, booktitle = {Evaluating Systems for Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access, CLEF 2008}, year = 2009, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)}, editors = {Carol Peters and Thomas Deselaers and Nicola Ferro and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Mikko Kurimo and Thomas Mandl and Anselmo Pe\~{n}as and Vivien Petras} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf_etal05, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf and Dirk Veiel}, title = {University of {H}agen at {GeoCLEF}~2005: Using Semantic Networks for Interpreting Geographical Queries}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2005/working_notes/workingnotes2005/veiel05.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf_etal06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf and Dirk Veiel}, title = {Using Semantic Networks for Geographic Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Henning M{\"u}ller and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)}, pages = {977--986}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-45697-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11878773_109} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf_etal07, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Semantic Analysis and Concept-Based Translation for Multilingual Information Systems}, editor = {Friedrich Lenz}, booktitle = {38. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft f{\"ur} Angewandte Linguistik, Schl{\"u}sselqualifikation Sprache, Anforderungen -- Standards -- Vermittlung}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Angewandte Linguistik}, year = 2007, pages = {68--69}, address = {Hildesheim, Germany}, note = {Printed Abstracts}, annote = {26.09. - 28.09.2007} } @TechReport{ leveling_helbig01, author = {Johannes Leveling and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{DFG} {P}rojekt {NLI-Z39.50} -- {A}bschlu{\ss}bericht und {E}valuation}, institution = {Intelligente Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme, FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2001, month = sep } @InProceedings{ leveling_helbig02, author = {Johannes Leveling and Hermann Helbig}, title = {A Robust Natural Language Interface for Access to Bibliographic Databases}, editor = {Nagib Callaos and Maurice Margenstern and Belkis Sanchez}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (SCI 2002)}, year = 2002, volume = {XI}, pages = {133--138}, address = {Orlando, Florida}, month = jul, organization = {International Institute of Informatics and Systemics (IIIS)} } @InProceedings{ leveling_helbig06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Das {NLI-Z39.50} -- {N}at{\"u}rlichsprachliche {I}nformationssuche zur {V}erbesserung der {L}iteraturrecherche}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {97--100}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, isbn = {3-89318-050-8} } @InProceedings{ leveling_veiel06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Dirk Veiel}, title = {University of {H}agen at {GeoCLEF} 2006: Experiments with Metonymy Recognition in Documents}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2006/working_notes/workingnotes2006/veielCLEF2006.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling_veiel07, author = {Johannes Leveling and Dirk Veiel}, title = {Experiments on the Exclusion of Metonymic Location Names from {GIR}}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {901--904}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74999-8_114} } @Book{ levelt74, author = {W. J. M. Levelt}, title = {Formal Grammars in Linguistics and Psycholinguistics (vol. 1): An Introduction to the Theory of Formal Languages and Automata}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = 1974, address = {Paris}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ levesque_mylopoulos79, author = {Hector Levesque and John Mylopoulos}, title = {A Procedural Semantics for Semantic Networks}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks -- Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {93--120}, address = {New York}, bib = {HA} } @Book{ levin93, author = {Beth Levin}, title = {English Verb Classes and Alternations. A Preliminary Investigation}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1993, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ lewandowski94, author = {Th. Lewandowski}, title = {Linguistisches {W\"o}rterbuch}, publisher = {Quelle \& Meyer}, year = 1994, address = {Heidelberg} } @InCollection{ lewis72, author = {D. Lewis}, title = {General Semantics}, editor = {D. Davidson and G. Herman}, booktitle = {Semantics of Natural Language}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1972, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ lewis80, author = {Harry R. Lewis}, title = {Complexity Results for Classes of Quantificational Formulae}, journal = {Journal of Computer and System Sciences}, year = 1980, volume = 21, pages = {317--353} } @Book{ lewis_papadimitriou81, author = {Harry R. Lewis and Christos H. Papadimitriou}, title = {Elements of the Theory of Computation}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1981, address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey} } @InProceedings{ ligozat_grau_etal06, author = {Anne-Laure Ligozat and Brigitte Grau and Isabelle Robba and Anne Vilnat}, title = {Evaluation and Improvement of Cross-Lingual Question Answering Strategies}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the EACL 2006 Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering (MLQA'06)}, year = 2006, pages = {23--30}, address = {Trento, Italy}, month = apr, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1904}, isbn = {2-9524532-4-1} } @Article{ lim_knight87, author = {B. S. Lim and J. A. G. Knight}, title = {A Foundation for a Knowledge-base Computer Integrated Manufacturing System}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence Engineering}, year = 1987, volume = 2, number = 1, pages = {11--22} } @Article{ lin07, author = {Jimmy Lin}, title = {An Exploration of the Principles Underlying Redundancy-Based Factoid Question Answering}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems}, year = 2007, volume = 25, number = 2, pages = {1--55}, issn = {1046-8188}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1229179.1229180}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ lin_chen01, author = {Chuan-Jie Lin and Hsin-Hsi Chen}, title = {Description of {NTU} System at {TREC-10} {QA} Task}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {406--411} } @InCollection{ lindstroem_rabinowicz95, author = {Sten Lindstr{\"o}m and Wlodzimierz Rabinowicz}, title = {The {R}amsey Test Revisited}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {145--191}, address = {Oxford} } @InProceedings{ litkowski01, author = {Kenneth C. Litkowski}, title = {{CL Research} Experiments in {TREC-10} Question Answering}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {122--131} } @InProceedings{ litkowski02, author = {Kenneth C. Litkowski}, title = {Digraph Analysis of Dictionary Preposition Definitions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation}, year = 2002, pages = {9--16}, address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania} } @InProceedings{ litkowski_hargraves05, author = {Kenneth C. Litkowski and Orin Hargraves}, title = {The Preposition Project}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on the Linguistic Dimensions of Prepositions and their Use in Computational Linguistics Formalisms and Applications}, year = 2005, address = {Colchester, UK}, month = apr } @Article{ loebner00, author = {Sebastian L{\"o}bner}, title = {Polarity in natural language: Predication, quantification and negation in particular and characterizing sentences}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 2000, volume = 23, pages = {213--308} } @InCollection{ loebner87, author = {Sebastian L{\"o}bner}, title = {Natural Language and Generalized Quantifier Theory}, editor = {Peter G{\'a}rdenfors}, booktitle = {Generalized Quantifiers. Linguistic and Logical Approaches}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1987, pages = {181--201}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ loebner90, author = {Sebastian L{\"o}bner}, title = {Wahr neben {F}alsch. {D}uale {O}peratoren als die {Q}uantoren nat{\"u}rlicher {S}prache}, publisher = {Max Niemeyer Verlag}, year = 1990, series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, number = 244 } @InCollection{ lonning87, author = {Jan Tore L{\o}nning}, title = {Collective Readings of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases}, editor = {Peter G{\'a}rdenfors}, booktitle = {Generalized Quantifiers. Linguistic and Logical Approaches}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1987, pages = {203--235}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @TechReport{ lopez_motta_etal07, author = {Vanessa Lopez and Enrico Motta and Victoria Uren and Marta Sabou}, title = {State of the Art on Semantic Question Answering}, institution = {Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University}, year = 2007, type = {Technical Report}, number = {kmi-07-03}, address = {Milton Keynes, England}, month = may } @InCollection{ luck-klewe91, author = {Kai {von Luck} and Berd Owsnicki-Klewe}, title = {{KL-ONE:} {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung}, editor = {Peter Stru{\ss}}, booktitle = {Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1991, pages = {103--121}, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InProceedings{ luetticke04a, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {Problem solving with Adaptive Feedback}, editor = {{De Bra} P. and Nejdl W.}, booktitle = {Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems - Third International Conference, {AH} 2004}, year = 2004, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 3137, pages = {417--420}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ luetticke04b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {Intelligentes {F}eedback bei der {B}earbeitung von {\"U}bungsaufgaben}, editor = {R. Keil-Slawik and H. Selke and G. Szwillus}, booktitle = {Mensch \& Computer 2004 -- Allgegenw{\"a}rtige Interaktion}, year = 2004, pages = {319--320}, publisher = {Oldenbourg} } @InProceedings{ luetticke05, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {Graphic and {NLP} based Assessment of Learners' Knowledge about Semantic Networks}, editor = {P. W. Jordan and M. Makatchev and P. Wiemer-Hastings}, booktitle = {AIED 05 (Artificial Intelligence in Education), Workshop: Mixed Language Explanations in Learning Environments}, year = 2005, pages = {75--80}, address = {Amsterdam} } @Article{ luetticke05b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {E-Learning in Astronomy}, journal = {Astronomische Nachrichten/AN}, year = 2005, volume = 326, number = 7, pages = {659--660} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_gnoerlich_etal02a, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{VILAB} - A Virtual Electronic Laboratory for Applied Computer Science}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference Networked Learning in a Global Environment}, year = 2002, pages = {135 + CD-ROM}, address = {Canada/The Netherlands}, publisher = {ICSC Academic Press} } @Article{ luetticke_gnoerlich_etal02b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Der {E}insatz eines virtuellen {L}abors in der {I}nformatik-{L}ehre}, journal = {Softwaretechnik-Trends der GI}, year = 2002, volume = 22, number = 3, pages = {57--59} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_gnoerlich_etal02c, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Internet-basierte {L}ehre im {R}ahmen von {VILAB}}, editor = {S. Schubert and B. Reusch and N. Jesse}, booktitle = {Informatik bewegt}, year = 2002, series = {Lecture Notes in Informatics}, volume = {P-19}, pages = {293--296}, publisher = {Bonner K{\"o}llen Verlag} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig03, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Problem Solving in an Interactive Internet-Based Learning Environment}, editor = {M. Auer and U. Auer}, booktitle = {Interactive Computer Aided Learning (ICL) 2003, International Workshop in Villach (Austria)}, year = 2003, address = {Kassel}, publisher = {University Press} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig03b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Das {V}irtuelle {I}nformatik {L}abor als {T}eil des {L}ernraums {V}irtuelle {U}niversit{\"a}t der {FU} {H}agen}, editor = {J. von Knop and W. Haverkamp}, booktitle = {... MOVING EXPERTISE ..., 17. DFN-Arbeitstagung {\"u}ber Kommunikationsnetze}, year = 2003, series = {Lecture Notes in Informatics}, pages = {363--370}, publisher = {Bonner K{\"o}llen Verlag} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig04, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {E-{L}earning im virtuellen {I}nformatik-{L}abor {VILAB}}, booktitle = {Jahrbuch 2003 der Gesellschaft der Freunde der FernUniversit{\"a}t e.V.}, year = 2004, pages = {69--82}, publisher = {Gesellschaft der Freunde der FernUniversit{\"a}t e.V.}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/luetticke-helbig-2004-hagen.pdf} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig04a, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Practical courses in distance education supported by an interactive tutoring component}, editor = {U. Benrath and A. Sz{\"u}cs}, booktitle = {Supporting the Learner in Distance Education and E-Learning, Proceedings of the 3rd {EDEN} Research Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {441--447}, publisher = {Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Universit{\"a}t Oldenburg} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig04b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Lernmodule f\"ur die {M}edizinische {I}nformatik im virtuellen {I}nformatik-{L}abor {VILAB}}, editor = {S. P{\"o}ppl and J. Bernauer and M. Fischer and R. Klar and J. Leven and F. Puppe and K. Spitzer}, booktitle = {Rechnergest{\"u}tzte Lehr- und Lernsysteme in der Medizin, Proceedings zum 8. Workshop der GMDS AG Computergest{\"u}tzte Lehr- und Lernsysteme in der Medizin}, year = 2004, pages = {77--88}, publisher = {Shaker Verlag} } @TechReport{ luetticke_helbig_etal05, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Herrman Helbig and Christian Eichhorn}, title = {Das {V}irtuelle {I}nformatik-{L}abor {VILAB} - {K}onzeption, technische {R}ealisierung und {E}insatz in der {L}ehre}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2005, volume = 321, series = {Informatik-Berichte}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/luetticke-helbig-eichhorn-2005-hagen.pdf} } @Book{ lutzeier81, author = {P. Lutzeier}, title = {{W}ort und {F}eld}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1981, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ lyons71, author = {John Lyons}, title = {Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, year = 1971, address = {Cambridge}, bib = {HRD/JOHL} } @Book{ lyons75, author = {John Lyons}, title = {Einf{\"u}hrung in die moderne {L}inguistik}, publisher = {Beck}, year = 1975, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ lyons77, author = {John Lyons}, title = {Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, year = 1977, volume = 1, address = {Cambridge} } @Book{ lyons77a, author = {John Lyons}, title = {Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, year = 1977, volume = 2, address = {Cambridge} } @Book{ mab-committee93, author = {MAB committee}, title = {MAB - {M}aschinelles {A}ustauschformat}, publisher = {Deutsche Bibliothek}, year = 1993, address = {Leipzig, Frankfurt, Berlin} } @Book{ mackie74, author = {J. L. Mackie}, title = {The Cement of Universe}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1974, address = {Oxford} } @Book{ maes_nardi87, author = {P. Maes and D. Nardi}, title = {Meta-Level Architectures and Reflection}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1987, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ magnini_vallin_etal04, author = {Bernardo Magnini and Alessandro Vallin and Christelle Ayache and Gregor Erbach and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Maarten de Rijke and Paulo Rocha and Kiril Simov and Richard Sutcliffe}, title = {Overview of the {CLEF} 2004 Multilingual Question Answering Track}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {281--294}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ magnini_vallin_etal05, author = {Bernardo Magnini and Alessandro Vallin and Christelle Ayache and Gregor Erbach and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Maarten de Rijke and Paulo Rocha and Kiril Simov and Richard Sutcliffe}, title = {Overview of the {CLEF} 2004 Multilingual Question Answering Track}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {371--391}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_38}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Article{ maher01, author = {Michael J. Maher and Andrew Rock and Grigoris Antoniou and David Billington and Tristan Miller}, title = {Efficient Defeasible Reasoning Systems}, journal = {International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools}, year = 2001, volume = 10, pages = {483--501} } @TechReport{ mahesh_nirenburg_etal96, author = {K. Mahesh and S. Nirenburg and J. Cowie and D. Farwell}, title = {An Assessment of {Cyc} for Natural Language Processing}, institution = {Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University}, year = 1996, type = {Technical Report}, number = {{MCCS}-96-302}, address = {New Mexico}, month = sep } @Article{ malinowsky88, author = {M. Malinowsky}, title = {Homophones and Homographs}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics}, year = 1988, volume = 49, pages = {35--44} } @Article{ mallot99, author = {Hanspeter Mallot}, title = {Spatial cognition: Behavioral competences, neural mechanisms, and evolutionary scaling}, journal = {Kognitionswissenschaft}, year = 1999, volume = 8, number = 1, pages = {40--48}, month = aug } @InProceedings{ manandhar94, author = {Suresh Manandhar}, title = {An Attributive Logic of Set Descriptions and Set Operations}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1994, pages = {255--262} } @InProceedings{ mandl_carvalho_etal09, author = {Thomas Mandl and Paula Carvalho and Fredric Gey and Ray Larson and Diana Santos and Christa Womser-Hacker}, title = {{GeoCLEF} 2008: the {CLEF} 2008 Cross-Language Geographic Information Retrieval Track Overview}, booktitle = {Evaluating Systems for Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access, CLEF 2008}, year = 2009, editors = {Carol Peters and Thomas Deselaers and Nicola Ferro and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. 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Thompson}, title = {Rhetorical Structure Theory: Toward a Functional Theory of Text Organization}, journal = {Text}, year = 1988, volume = 8, number = 3, pages = {243--281} } @Book{ manning_schuetze99, author = {Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Sch{\"u}tze}, title = {Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1999, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ manteufel_stumpe77, author = {K. Manteufel and D. Stumpe}, title = {Spieltheorie}, publisher = {B. G. Teubner}, year = 1977, address = {Leipzig} } @Article{ markert_hahn02, author = {Katja Markert and Udo Hahn}, title = {Understanding metonymy in discourse}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 2002, volume = 135, number = {1--2}, pages = {145--198} } @InProceedings{ markert_hahn97, author = {Katja Markert and Udo Hahn}, title = {On the Interaction of Metonymies and Anaphora}, editor = {Martha Pollack}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-97})}, year = 1997, pages = {1010--1015}, address = {Nagoya, Japan}, month = aug, annote = { publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", address = "San Francisco"} } @InProceedings{ markert_nissim02a, author = {Katja Markert and Malvina Nissim}, title = {Metonymy Resolution as a Classification Task}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2002)}, year = 2002, pages = {204--213}, address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania} } @InProceedings{ markert_nissim02b, author = {Katja Markert and Malvina Nissim}, title = {Towards a Corpus Annotated for Metonymies: The Case of Location Names}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2002)}, year = 2002, address = {Las Palmas, Spain} } @InProceedings{ markert_nissim07, author = {Katja Markert and Malvina Nissim}, title = {Task 08: Metonymy Resolution at {S}em{E}val-07}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SemEval 2007}, year = 2007 } @MastersThesis{ marthen02, author = {Steffen Marthen}, title = {{U}ntersuchungen zur {A}ssimilation gr{\"o}{\ss}erer {W}issensbest{\"a}nde aus textueller {I}nformation}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 2002, type = {Master's Thesis}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = feb } @InProceedings{ martin_fateman71, author = {W. A. Martin and R. J. Fateman}, title = {The {MACSYMA} system}, booktitle = {Proc. Second Symp. on Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation}, year = 1971, pages = {59--75}, address = {Los Angeles, California} } @InProceedings{ masui_mcdermott_etal83, author = {S. Masui and J. McDermott and A. Sobel}, title = {Decision Making int Time-critical Situations}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-83)}, year = 1983, pages = {233--235}, address = {Karlsruhe} } @Article{ matiasevuic70, author = {J. W. Matiasevui\v{c}}, title = {Diofantovost' pere\v{c}islimych mno\v{z}estv}, journal = {Doklady AN SSSR}, year = 1970, volume = 191, number = 2, address = {Moskava} } @Book{ matsui00, author = {Tomoko Matsui}, title = {Bridging and Relevance}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = 2000, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ maybury04, editor = {Mark T. Maybury}, title = {New Directions in Question Answering}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 2004, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ mayer89, author = {Rolf Mayer}, title = {Wegkonnexion}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {171--201}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ maynard_bontcheva_etal03, author = {Diana Maynard and Kalina Bontcheva and Hamish Cunningham}, title = {Towards a Semantic Extraction of Named Entities}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2003)}, year = 2003, address = {Borovets, Bulgaria} } @Book{ mcarthur76, author = {Robert P. McArthur}, title = {Tense logic}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1976, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ mccarthy68, author = {John McCarthy}, title = {Programs with Common Sense}, editor = {Marvin L. Minsky}, booktitle = {Semantic Information Processing}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1968, pages = {403--418}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Article{ mccarthy80, author = {John McCarthy}, title = {Circumscription -- a Form of Non-monotonic Reasoning}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 13, number = 1, pages = {27--40} } @InCollection{ mccarthy_hayes69, author = {John McCarthy and P. Hayes}, title = {Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence}, editor = {B. Meltzer and D. Michie}, booktitle = {Machine Intelligence 4}, publisher = {University Press}, year = 1969, pages = {463--502}, address = {Edinburgh} } @Book{ mccawley93, author = {James D. McCawley}, title = {Everything that linguists have always wanted to know about logic but were ashamed to ask}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1993, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ mcclelland_rumelhart86, author = {James L. McClelland and David E. Rumelhart}, title = {Parallel Distributed Processing: {E}xplorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Vol. 2: {P}sychological and Biological Models}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1986, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ mccorduck79, author = {P. McCorduck}, title = {Machines who Think}, publisher = {Freemann}, year = 1979, address = {San Francisco, California} } @Article{ mcdermott80, author = {D. V. McDermott and J. Doyle}, title = {Non-monotonic Logic}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 13, number = 12, pages = {41--72} } @Article{ mcdermott82, author = {J. McDermott}, title = {{R1}: A Rule Based Configurer of Computer Systems}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1982, volume = 19, number = 1, pages = {39--88} } @Article{ mcdermott82a, author = {Drew McDermott}, title = {A Temporal Logic for Reasoning about Processes and Plans}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, year = 1982, volume = 6, pages = {101--155} } @InCollection{ mcdermott86, author = {Drew McDermott}, title = {Tarskian Semantics, or no Notation without Denotation}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {167--169}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ mcgee77, author = {W. C. McGee}, title = {The Information Managment System {IMS/VS}}, journal = {IBM Systems Journal}, year = 1977, volume = 16, pages = {84--168} } @Book{ mckeown85, author = {Kathleen R. McKeown}, title = {Using Discourse Strategies and Focus Constraints to Generate Natural Language Text}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ mcroy92, author = {Susan W. McRoy}, title = {Using Multiple Knowledge Sources for Word Sense Discrimination}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 1, pages = {1--30}, month = mar } @Book{ mehl93, author = {Stephan Mehl}, title = {{D}ynamische semantische {N}etze -- {Z}ur {K}ontextabh{\"a}ngigkeit von {W}ortbedeutungen}, publisher = {infix}, year = 1993, address = {Sankt Augustin, Germany} } @InCollection{ mehl95, author = {Stephan Mehl}, title = {Automatic acquisition of lexical-semantic relations from machine-readable dictionaries}, editor = {Ren\'{e} Dirven and Johan Vanparys}, booktitle = {Current Approaches to the Lexicon}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 1995, pages = {301--317}, address = {Frankfurt}, bib = {HA BHV/DIR} } @InProceedings{ mehl_langer_etal98, author = {Stephan Mehl and Hagen Langer and Martin Volk}, title = {{S}tatistische {V}erfahren zur {Z}uordnung von {P}r{\"a}positionalphrasen}, editor = {Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Winfried Lenders and Wolfgang Hess and Thomas Portele}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Natural Language Processing -- {KONVENS-98}}, year = 1998, pages = {97--110}, address = {Frankfurt, Germany}, month = oct, publisher = {Peter Lang} } @InCollection{ mehl_mertens_etal96a, author = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{P}r{\"a}positionalsemantik und {PP}-{A}nbindung}, editor = {Dafydd Gibbon}, booktitle = {Natural Language Processing and Speech Technology. Results of the 3rd KONVENS Conference, Bielefeld, October 1996}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 1996, pages = {310--316}, address = {Berlin}, annote = {summary of the workshop on PPs} } @TechReport{ mehl_mertens_etal96b, author = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{P}r{\"a}positionalsemantik und {PP}-{A}nbindung}, institution = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t}, year = 1996, type = {Schriftenreihe Informatik}, number = {SI-16}, address = {Duisburg}, month = sep } @InProceedings{ mehl_mertens_etal96c, author = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{Z}ur {D}isambiguierung von {P}r{\"a}positionen und {P}r{\"a}positionalphrasen}, editor = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, booktitle = {Pr{\"a}positionalsemantik und PP-Anbindung}, year = 1996, series = {Schriftenreihe Informatik}, pages = {7--12}, address = {Duisburg}, month = sep, institution = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t}, number = {SI-16}, annote = {this article is part of mehl_mertens_etal96b} } @Article{ mellish88, author = {Chris S. Mellish}, title = {Implementing Systemic Classification by Unification}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1988, volume = 14, number = 1, pages = {40--51} } @InCollection{ mellish92, author = {Chris S. Mellish}, title = {Term-Encodable Description Spaces}, editor = {D. R. Brough}, booktitle = {Logic Programming, New Frontiers}, publisher = {Intellect Books}, year = 1992, pages = {189--207}, note = {Proceedings of the {\em Conference in Bristol, UK, March 1990}} } @Book{ meltzer_michie69, editor = {B. Meltzer and D. Michie}, title = {Machine Intelligence 4}, publisher = {University Press}, year = 1969, address = {Edinburgh} } @InCollection{ menke_gnoerlich_etal98, author = {Dirk Menke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Access To Bibliographic Data Bases - The Provider Agents in {MeDoc}}, editor = {A. Barth and A. Endres and A. de Kemp and M. Breu}, booktitle = {Digital Libraries in Computer Science: The MeDoc Approach}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, volume = 1392, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {51--66}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ menzel95, author = {Wolfgang Menzel}, title = {Robust Processing of Natural Language}, editor = {Ipke Wachsmuth and Claus-Rainer Rollinger and Wilfried Brauer}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1995, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {19--34}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 981 } @InProceedings{ merlo_crocker_etal97, author = {Paola Merlo and Matthew W. Crocker and Cathy Berthouzoz}, title = {Attaching Multiple Prepositional Phrases: Generalized Backed-off Estimation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-2)}, year = 1997, pages = {149--155}, address = {Providence, Rhode Island}, organization = {Brown University} } @MastersThesis{ mertens92, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}{\"a}umliche und zeitliche {A}spekte in {W}egauskunftssystemen}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz}, year = 1992, address = {Koblenz} } @InProceedings{ mertens93, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{V}erkehrsinformationssysteme -- {W}issenschaftliches {U}mfeld und technische {R}ealisierbarkeit}, editor = {Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme}, booktitle = {3. Internationales Anwenderforum ''{G}eoinformationssysteme -- {N}eue {P}erspektiven'', Duisburg, 03.--04. {M}{\"a}rz}, year = 1993, pages = {685--696}, address = {Duisburg} } @InProceedings{ mertens97a, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, editor = {}, booktitle = {Elektronische Beitr{\"a}ge zur 7. Tagung der Computerlinguistik--Studierenden ({T}a{C}o{S} 97), Koblenz, 30. April--03. Mai 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Koblenz} } @InProceedings{ mertens97b, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{H}euristische {E}rgebnisbewertung beim {W}ortagentenparsing}, editor = {Stephan Busemann and Karin Harbusch and Stefan Wermter}, booktitle = {Berichtsband des {W}orkshops ''Hybride konnektionistische, statistische und symbolische Ans{\"a}tze zur Verarbeitung nat{\"u}rlicher Sprache'' auf der 21. Deutschen Jahrestagung f{\"u}r K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz (KI--97), Freiburg, 09.--10. September 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Freiburg} } @InProceedings{ mertens97c, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{D}er {E}insatz eines heuristischen {V}erfahrens beim {P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, editor = {IBM, Institut f{\"u}r Logik und Linguistik}, booktitle = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur 6. Fachtagung der Sektion Computerlinguistik (DGfS-CL 97), Heidelberg, 08.--10. Oktober 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ mertens97d, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}obustes {P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, booktitle = {Proceedings der 10. GLDV Jahrestagung (GLDV '97), {L}eipzig, 17.--19. M{\"a}rz 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ mertens98, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}obustes {P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, editor = {Gerhard Heyer and Christian Wolff}, booktitle = {Linguistik und neue Medien}, year = 1998, pages = {177--187}, address = {Wiesbaden}, publisher = {Deutscher Universit{\"a}ts Verlag} } @InProceedings{ mertens_berghaeuser90b, author = {Andreas Mertens and Michael Bergh{\"a}user}, title = {{R}epr{\"a}sentation geographischer {K}arten}, editor = {Wolfgang Hoeppner}, booktitle = {Workshop ''R{\"a}umliche Alltagsumgebungen des Menschen''}, year = 1990, series = {Fachberichte Informatik}, pages = {119--132}, address = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz}, number = {9/90} } @InProceedings{ mertens_schulz_etal95, author = {Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{A}nalyse mit {W}ortagenten im {NLP}-{S}ystem {LINAS}}, editor = {Ludwig Hitzenberger}, booktitle = {Angewandte Computerlinguistik. 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Montague}, title = {Pragmatics and Intensional Logic}, journal = {Semantics of Natural Language}, year = 1972, publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing}, address = {Dordrecht}, series = {Semantics of Natural Language} } @Book{ montague74, author = {Richard Montague}, title = {Formal Philosophy, Selected Papers of Richard Montague}, publisher = {Yale Univ. Press}, year = 1974, address = {New Haven} } @InProceedings{ moon86, author = {David. A. Moon}, title = {Object-Oriented Programming with {FLAVORS}}, editor = {Norman Meyrowitz}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications {(OOPSLA)}}, year = 1986, series = {{SIGPLAN} Notices}, pages = {1--8}, address = {New York, NY}, publisher = {{ACM} Press}, number = 11 } @TechReport{ moore76, author = {J. S. 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F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {411--422}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_41}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @InCollection{ neumann_sacaleanu05b, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Bogdan Sacaleanu}, title = {{DFKI}'s {LT-lab} at the {CLEF} 2005 Multiple Language Question Answering Track}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM} } @InCollection{ neumann_sacaleanu06, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Bogdan Sacaleanu}, title = {Experiments on Cross-Linguality and Question-Type Driven Strategy Selection for Open-Domain {QA}}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Henning M{\"u}ller and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {429--438}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-45697-X} } @InProceedings{ neumann_xu03, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Feiyu Xu}, title = {Mining Answers in {G}erman Web Pages}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI-2003)}, year = 2003, address = {Halifax, Canada}, month = oct } @Book{ newell61, editor = {A. Newell}, title = {Information processing language V manual}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1961, address = {Englewood Cliffs N.J.} } @InProceedings{ newell62, author = {A. 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Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {347--354} } @InProceedings{ ohara_wiebe03, author = {Tom O'Hara and Janyce Wiebe}, title = {Preposition Semantic Classification via {Penn Treebank} and {FramNet}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-2003)}, year = 2003, address = {Edmonton, Canada} } @Book{ orenstein78, author = {Alex Orenstein}, title = {Existence and the Particular Quantifier}, publisher = {Temple University Press}, year = 1978, address = {Philadelphia} } @InProceedings{ osswald01, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Classifying Classification}, editor = {Geert-Jan Kruijff and Larry Moss and Dick Oehrle}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Formal Grammar and Mathematics of Language (FG/MOL-01)}, year = 2001, series = {Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 53} } @PhDThesis{ osswald02, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {A Logic of Classification -- with Applications to Linguistic Theory}, school = {FernUniversit\"{a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 2002, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jul } @InCollection{ osswald03, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Generic Ontology of Linguistic Classification}, editor = {Benedikt L\"{o}we and Wolfgang Malzkorn and Thoralf R\"{a}sch}, booktitle = {Foundations of the Formal Sciences II -- Applications of Mathematical Logic in Philosophy and Linguistics}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 2003, series = {Trends in Logic 17}, pages = {203--212}, address = {Dordrecht} } @Article{ osswald04, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Die {V}erwendung von {GermaNet} zur {P}flege und {E}rweiterung des {C}omputerlexikons {HaGenLex}}, journal = {LDV Forum}, year = 2004, volume = 19, number = {1/2}, pages = {43--51} } @InProceedings{ osswald04a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {{E}ine {W}erkbank zur {E}rstellung und {P}flege des semantikbasierten {C}omputerlexikons {HaGenLex}}, editor = {Ernst Buchberger}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2004}, year = 2004, series = {{S}chriftenreihe der \"{O}sterreichischen {G}esellschaft f\"{u}r {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence, {B}and 5}, pages = {149--152}, address = {Wien} } @InProceedings{ osswald04b, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Two Views on Building Conceptual Hierarchies}, editor = {Gabriele Kern-Isberner and Wilhelm R\"{o}dder and Friedhelm Kulmann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Conditionals, Information, and Inference}, year = 2004, pages = {29--42}, note = {Ulm, September 21} } @InProceedings{ osswald05, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Concept Hierarchies from a Logical Point of View}, editor = {B. Ganter and R. Godin and E. M. Nguifo}, booktitle = {ICFCA-2005 International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis -- Supplementary Volume}, year = 2005, pages = {15--30}, address = {Lens, France}, publisher = {IUT de Lens} } @InProceedings{ osswald05a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Assertions, Conditionals, and Defaults}, editor = {Gabriele Kern-Isberner and Wilhelm R\"{o}dder and Friedhelm Kulmann}, booktitle = {Conditionals, Information, and Inference: International Workshop, WCII 2002, Revised Selected Papers}, year = 2005, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3301}, pages = {108--130}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ osswald05b, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {On Result Nominalization in {G}erman}, editor = {Emar Maier and Corien Bary and Janneke Huitink}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 9}, year = 2005, pages = {256--270}, address = {Nijmegen}, publisher = {NCS} } @InProceedings{ osswald05c, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {A Categorical Framework for Translating between Conceptual Hierarchies}, editor = {Pascal Hitzler and Carsten Lutz and Gerd Stumme}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the KI-2005 Workshop on Foundational Aspects of Ontologies}, year = 2005, series = {Fachberichte Informatik 9/2005}, pages = {17--33}, address = {Koblenz}, publisher = {Universit\"{a}t Koblenz-Landau} } @InProceedings{ osswald06, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Constructing Lexical Semantic Hierarchies from Binary Semantic Features}, editor = {Pascal Hitzler and Henrik Sch\"{a}rfe and Peter {\O}hrstr{\o}m}, booktitle = {Contributions to the 14th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS 2006)}, year = 2006, pages = {131--144}, address = {Aalborg}, publisher = {Aalborg University Press} } @InCollection{ osswald06a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {On Formal Objects}, editor = {Benedikt L\"{o}we and Volker Peckhaus and Thoralf R\"{a}sch}, booktitle = {Foundations of the Formal Sciences VI -- The History of the Concept of the Formal Sciences}, publisher = {College Publications}, year = 2006, number = 3, series = {Studies in Logic}, pages = {183--198}, address = {London} } @InProceedings{ osswald97, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {{G}rammatisches {S}prachk{\"o}nnen und psychische {R}ealit{\"a}t}, editor = {Werner Krause and Uwe Kotkamp and Ralf Goertz}, booktitle = {Proceedings der 3. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Kognitionswissenschaft}, year = 1997, pages = {145--147}, address = {Jena}, publisher = {Friedrich-Schiller-Universit{\"a}t} } @InProceedings{ osswald99, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {On Conditional Information in Feature-Based Theories}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Meeting on Mathematics of Language}, year = 1999, pages = {89--104}, address = {Orlando, FL}, publisher = {University of Central Florida} } @InProceedings{ osswald99a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Semantics for Attribute-Value Theories}, editor = {Paul Dekker}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth Amsterdam Colloquium}, year = 1999, pages = {199--204}, address = {Amsterdam}, publisher = {University of Amsterdam, ILLC} } @InCollection{ osswald_helbig05, author = {Rainer Osswald and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Derivational Semantics in {HaGenLex} -- An Interim Report}, editor = {Stefan Langer and Daniel Schnorbusch}, booktitle = {Semantik im Lexikon}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 2005, number = 479, series = {T{\"u}binger {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur {L}inguistik}, pages = {87--127}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ osswald_helbig_etal06, author = {Rainer Osswald and Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {The Representation of {G}erman Prepositional Verbs in a Semantically Based Computer Lexicon}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {461--464}, address = {Genoa, Italy}, annote = {ISBN 2-9517408-2-4}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/osswald_helbig_etal06.pdf} } @InProceedings{ osswald_petersen02, author = {Rainer Osswald and Wiebke Petersen}, title = {Induction of Classifications from Linguistic Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ECAI-Workshop on Advances in Formal Concept Analysis for Knowledge Discovery in Databases}, year = 2002, address = {Lyon}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ osswald_petersen03, author = {Rainer Osswald and Wiebke Petersen}, title = {A Logical Approach to Data Driven Classification}, booktitle = {KI-2003: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 2003, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 2821}, pages = {267--281}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, editors = {Andreas G{\"u}nter and Rudolf Kruse and Bernd Neumann} } @Book{ ousterhout94, author = {John K. Ousterhout}, title = {Tcl and the Tk Toolkit}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1994, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ paiva93, author = {Valeria de Paiva}, title = {Types and Constraints in the {LKB}}, pages = {164--189}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @TechReport{ palm_hellendorn91, author = {R. Palm and H. Hellendorn}, title = {Fuzzy-{M}ethoden in der {R}obotik}, institution = {FB1 der GI, KI 4}, year = 1991, pages = {41--46} } @Article{ palomar_ferrandez_etal01, author = {Manuel Palomar and Antonio Ferr{\'a}ndez and Lidia Moreno and Patricio Mart{\'i}nez-Barco and Jes{\'u}s Peral and Maximiliano Saiz-Noeda and Rafael Mu{\~n}oz}, title = {An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in {S}panish Texts}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {545--567}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ pan_hobbs05, author = {Feng Pan and Jerry R. Hobbs}, title = {Temporal Aggregates in {OWL}-{T}ime}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Florida Artificial Intelligence Conference ({FLAIRS-05})}, year = 2005, pages = {560--565} } @Article{ panevova77, author = {J. Panevova}, title = {Verbal Frames Revisited}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Lingustics}, year = 1977, volume = 28 } @InProceedings{ pantel_lin00, author = {Patrick Pantel and Dekang Lin}, title = {An Unsupervised Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment using Contextually Similar Words}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2000)}, year = 2000, pages = {101--108}, address = {Hong Kong}, month = oct } @InProceedings{ pantel_ravichandran04, author = {Patrick Pantel and Deepak Ravichandran}, title = {Automatically Labeling Semantic Classes}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and North American Chapter of the ACL Annual Meeting (HLT/NAACL 2004)}, year = 2004, pages = {321--328}, address = {Boston, Massachusetts}, month = may } @Book{ paris_swartout_etal91, editor = {C{\'e}cile L. Paris and William R. Swartout and William C. Mann}, title = {Natural Language Generation in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1991, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ parsons95, author = {Terence Parsons}, title = {Thematic Relations and Arguments}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = 1995, volume = 26, number = 4, pages = {635--662} } @InCollection{ partee72, author = {Barbara H. Partee}, title = {Opacity, Coreference, and Pronouns}, pages = {415--441}, crossref = {davidson_harman72} } @InProceedings{ pasca04, author = {Marius Pa{\c{s}}ca}, title = {Acquisition of Categorized Named Entities for Web Search}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM)}, year = 2004, pages = {137--145}, address = {Washington D.C., USA}, month = nov } @Book{ patzig70, author = {G. Patzig}, title = {{S}prache und {L}ogik}, publisher = {Vandenhoek {\&} Rupprecht}, year = 1970, address = {G{\"o}ttingen} } @Book{ paul60, author = {Hermann Paul}, title = {Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte}, publisher = {Max Niemeyer}, year = {1960 (1909)}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Article{ pearl83, author = {J. Pearl}, title = {On the Nature of Pathology in Game Searching}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1983, volume = 20, number = 4, pages = {427--453} } @Book{ pearl84, author = {Judea Pearl}, title = {Heuristics -- {Intelligent} Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ pearl88, author = {Judea Pearl}, title = {Probabilistic Resoning in Intelligent Systems: {N}etworks of Plausible Inference}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1988, address = {San Mateo, California} } @InProceedings{ peirsman05, author = {Yves Peirsman}, title = {Statistical Approaches to Metonymy Disambiguation}, editor = {Mark Lee and Alan M. Wallington and Sheila R. Clasbey and John A. 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Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, title = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-27420-9} } @Book{ piaget70, author = {Jean Piaget}, title = {The Child's Conception of Physical Causality}, publisher = {Routledge and Kegan Paul}, year = 1970, address = {London} } @Book{ piaget77, author = {Jean Piaget}, title = {Understanding Causality}, publisher = {Norton}, year = 1977, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ pinkal00, author = {Manfred Pinkal}, title = {{S}emantikformalismen f{\"u}r die {S}prachverarbeitung}, editor = {G{\"u}nther G{\"o}rz and Claus-Rainer Rollinger and Josef Schneeberger}, booktitle = {Handbuch der K{\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 2000, pages = {739--782}, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InCollection{ pinkal83, author = {Manfred Pinkal}, title = {On the Limits of Lexical Meaning}, editor = {R. 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Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgen{\"o}ssichen Forschung}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1991, pages = {250--269}, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ poesio00, author = {Massimo Poesio}, title = {The {GNOME} Annotation Scheme Manual}, institution = {University of Edinburgh}, year = 2000, month = apr, url = {http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/~gnome/document.html} } @InCollection{ poesio96, author = {Massimo Poesio}, title = {Semantic Ambiguity and Perceived Ambiguity}, editor = {Kees {van Deemter} and Stanley Peters}, booktitle = {Semantic Ambiguity and Underspecification}, publisher = {Center for the Study of Language and Information}, year = 1996, number = 55, series = {CSLI Lecture Notes}, pages = {159--201}, address = {Stanford, California} } @InProceedings{ poesio_bruneseaux_etal99, author = {Massimo Poesio and Florence Bruneseaux and Laurent Romary}, title = {The {MATE} Meta-Scheme for Coreference in Dialogues in Multiple Languages}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL'99 Workshop on Standards for Discourse Tagging}, year = 1999, pages = {65--74}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, month = jun } @Article{ poesio_vieira98, author = {Massimo Poesio and Renata Vieira}, title = {A Corpus-based Investigation of Definite Description Use}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1998, volume = 24, number = 2, pages = {183--216}, month = jun } @Book{ pohlers89, author = {Wolfram Pohlers}, title = {Proof Theory}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1989, volume = 1407, series = {Lecture Notes in Mathematics}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ pollard_sag87, author = {Carl Pollard and Ivan A. 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Reinemann}, title = {Schachcomputer -- {C}omputerschach}, publisher = {Akademie-{V}erlag}, year = 1988, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ prager06, author = {John Prager}, title = {Open-Domain Question-Answering}, journal = {Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval}, year = 2006, volume = 1, number = 2, pages = {91--231} } @TechReport{ preiss01, author = {Judita Preiss}, title = {Machine Learning for Anaphora Resolution}, institution = {University of Sheffield}, year = 2001, type = {Technical Report}, number = {CS-01-10}, address = {Sheffield, England}, month = aug } @InCollection{ pribbenow89, author = {Simone Pribbenow}, title = {Regelbasierte {I}nterpretation lokaler {P}r{\"a}positionen am {B}eispiel von in und bei}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {202--227}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ pribbenow93, author = {S. Pribbenow}, title = {R{\"a}umliche Konzepte in Wissens- und Sprachverarbeitung. 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Ross Quillian}, title = {Semantic Memory}, editor = {Marvin Minsky}, booktitle = {Semantic Information Processing}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1968, pages = {227--270}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ quine69, author = {{Willard van Orman} Quine}, title = {Grundz{\"u}ge der Logik}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, series = {Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft}, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, number = 65 } @InCollection{ radden89, author = {G{\"u}tner Radden}, title = {Das {B}ewegungskonzept; to come und to go}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {228--248}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ rascu06, author = {Ecaterina Rascu}, title = {A Controlled Language Aproach to Text Optimisation in Technical Documentation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {107--114}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, annote = {editor: Miriam Butt}, isbn = {3-89318-050-8} } @InCollection{ rath78, author = {C. Rath}, title = {Lokale {A}rgumentrollenindikatoren}, editor = {C. Biasci and J. Fritsche}, booktitle = {Texttheorie, Textrepr{\"a}sentation -- Theoretische Grundlagen der kanonischen sinnsemantischen Repr{\"a}sentation von Texten}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, year = 1978, number = 18, series = {Papiere zur Textlinguistik}, pages = {114--133}, address = {Hamburg}, bib = {DO} } @InProceedings{ ratnaparkhi98, author = {Adwait Ratnaparkhi}, title = {Statistical Models for Unsupervised Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)}, year = 1998, pages = {1079--1085}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9807011} } @InProceedings{ ratnaparkhi_reynar_etal94, author = {Adwait Ratnaparkhi and Jeff Reynar and Salim Roukos}, title = {A Maximum Entropy Model for Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop}, year = 1994, pages = {250--255} } @Book{ rauh88, author = {Gisa Rauh}, title = {Tiefenkasus, thematische {R}elationen und {T}hetarollen}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 1988, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ rauh93, author = {Gisa Rauh}, title = {Pr{\"a}positionen und {R}ollen}, institution = {Theorie des Lexikons -- SFB 282}, year = 1993, type = {SFB-Bericht}, number = 46, address = {} } @InCollection{ rauh93a, author = {Gisa Rauh}, title = {On the Grammar of Lexical and Non-Lexical Prepositions in {E}nglish}, editor = {Cornelia Zelinski-Wibbelt}, booktitle = {The Semantics of Prepositions}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 1993, pages = {99--150}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ reddig88, author = {C. Reddig}, title = {3D in NLP: Determiners, Descriptions, and the Dialog Memory in the {XTRA} Project}, editor = {W. Hoeppner}, booktitle = {K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz. GWAI--88, 12th German Workshop on Artificial Intelligence, Eringerfeld}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1988, pages = {159--168}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {HA TUQ/GWAI} } @InProceedings{ reddy85, author = {U. S. Reddy}, title = {Narrowing as the Operational Semantics of Functional Languages}, booktitle = {Proc. Symp. on Logic Programming}, year = 1985, pages = {138--151}, address = {Boston} } @Book{ reichenbach47, author = {H. Reichenbach}, title = {Elements of Symbolic Logic}, publisher = {Free Press}, year = 1947, address = {New York} } @Book{ reiners63, author = {Ludwig Reiners}, title = {Stilfibel}, publisher = {Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag}, year = 1963, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Germany}, annote = {first dtv print 1963, 1951 from Beck, 2001 31st print (unabridged)} } @Book{ reischuk90, author = {Karl R{\"u}diger Reischuk}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {K}omplexit{\"a}tstheorie}, publisher = {B. G. Teubner}, year = 1990, address = {Stuttgart}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ reiter80, author = {R. Reiter}, title = {A Logic for Default Reasoning}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 13, number = {1/2}, pages = {81--132} } @Book{ rescher_urquhart71, author = {J. Escher and A. Urquhart}, title = {Temporal Logics}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1971 } @Article{ richardson68, author = {D. Richardson}, title = {Some Unsolvable Problems Involving Elementary Functions of a Real Variable}, journal = {Journal Symb. Logic}, year = 1968, volume = 133, pages = 511 } @Article{ rieger_small81, author = {Chuck Rieger and Steven Small}, title = {Toward a theory of distributed word expert natural language parsing}, journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics}, year = 1981, volume = 11, number = 1, pages = {43--51}, month = jan } @InCollection{ riesbeck75, author = {Chr. K. Riesbeck}, title = {Conceptual Analysis}, editor = {R. C. Schank}, booktitle = {Conceptual Information Processing}, publisher = {Prantice Hall}, year = 1975, chapter = 4, pages = {83--}, address = {New Haven, Connecticut} } @Article{ risch69, author = {R. Risch}, title = {The Problem of Integration in Finite Terms}, journal = {Transactions of the American Mathematical Society}, year = 1969, volume = 139, number = 5, pages = 167 } @Book{ ritter_martinetz_etal91, author = {H. Ritter and T. Martinetz and K. Schulten}, title = {Neuronale {N}etze: {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {N}euroinformatik selbstorganisierender {N}etzwerke}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1991, address = {Bonn} } @Article{ robinson65, author = {J.R. Robinson}, title = {A Machine-oriented Logic Based on the Resolution Principle}, journal = {Journal ACM}, year = 1965, volume = 12, pages = {23--41} } @Article{ robinson70, author = {J. Robinson}, title = {{K}asus, {K}ategorie und {K}onfiguration}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = 1970, pages = {57--80}, note = {{\"U}bersetzung} } @InCollection{ robinson_sibert82, author = {J. Robinson and E. Sibert}, title = {{LOGLISP}: Motivation, Design and Implementation}, editor = {K. Clark and S.A. Taernlund}, booktitle = {Logic programming}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1982, pages = {299--313}, address = {London} } @InProceedings{ rocha97, author = {Marco Rocha}, title = {Supporting Anaphor Resolution in Dialogues with a Corpus-Based Probabilistic Model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {54--61}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Book{ roe_wilpn94, editor = {D.B. Roe and I.G. Wilpon}, title = {Voice communication between humans and machines}, publisher = {Nat. Academy Press}, year = 1994, address = {Washington D.C., USA} } @InProceedings{ rohn_raatz_etal04, author = {Michael Rohn and Wolfgang Raatz and Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck}}, title = {{O}bjektive {O}ptimierung der lokalen {W}ettervorhersage}, booktitle = {DACH Meteorologenkonferenz}, year = 2004, address = {Karlsruhe, Germany}, month = oct, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/021_RoRaBr.pdf} } @PhDThesis{ ronthaler00, author = {Marc Ronthaler}, title = {Dialogschnittstellen an Online-Informationssystemen: Notwendigkeit, Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit und Entwicklungsm{\"o}glichkeiten am Beispiel des {OSIRIS}-Systems}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Osnabr{\"u}ck, Fachbereich Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft}, year = 2000, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany} } @Article{ ronthalerzillmann98, author = {Marc Ronthaler and Hartmut Zillmann}, title = {Literaturrecherche mit {O}{S}{I}{R}{I}{S}: {E}in {T}est der {OSIRIS}-{R}etrievalkomponente}, journal = {Bibliotheksdienst}, year = 1998, volume = 32, pages = {1203--1212} } @InCollection{ rooth87, author = {M. Rooth}, title = {Noun Phrase Interpretation in {Montague} Grammar, File Change Semantics and Situation Semantics}, pages = {237--268}, crossref = {gaerdenfors87} } @InProceedings{ rosenfeld_huang92, author = {Ronald Rosenfeld and Xuedong Huang}, title = {Improvements in Stochastic Language Modeling}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop}, year = 1992, pages = {107--111}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @Book{ rosengren77, author = {Inger Rosengren}, title = {Ein {F}requenzw{\"o}rterbuch der deutschen {Z}eitungssprache}, publisher = {Gleerup}, year = 1977, volume = 2, address = {Lund, Sweden} } @InProceedings{ rulifson_waldinger_etal73, author = {J. F. Rulifson and J. A. Waldinger and J. A. Derksen}, title = {A Language for Writing Problem-solving Programs}, booktitle = {Proc. International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP-71)}, year = 1971, address = {Ljubljana} } @InCollection{ rumelhart_lindsay_etal72, author = {D. Rumelhart and P. Lindsay and D. Norman}, title = {A Process Model for Longterm Memory}, editor = {E. Tulving and W. Donaldson}, booktitle = {Organization of Memory}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1972, chapter = 4, pages = {198--221}, address = {New York} } @Book{ rumelhart_mcclelland86, author = {David E. Rumelhart and James L. McClelland}, title = {Parallel Distributed Processing: {E}xplorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Vol. 1: {F}oundations}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1986, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ russell13, author = {Bertrand Russell}, title = {On the Notions of Cause}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society}, year = 1913, volume = 13, pages = {1--26} } @Book{ russell77, author = {Bertrand Russell}, title = {Logic and Knowledge}, publisher = {George Allen \& Unwin}, year = 1977, address = {London} } @Article{ russell_ballim_etal92, author = {Graham Russell and Afzal Ballim and John Carroll and Susan Warwick-Armstrong}, title = {A Practical Approach to Multiple Default Inheritance for Unification Based Lexicons}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 3, pages = {311--337} } @InProceedings{ russell_carroll_etal91, author = {Graham Russell and John Carroll and Susan Warwick-Armstrong}, title = {Multiple Default Inheritance in a Unification-Based Lexicon}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1991, pages = {215--221}, comment = {address = {Berkeley, California}} } @Article{ sacerdoti74, author = {E. D. Sacerdoti}, title = {Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1974, volume = 5, number = 2, pages = {115--135} } @Book{ sachs92, author = {H. Sachs}, title = {Borland {C++} und {T}urbo {C++} -- {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung}, publisher = {Carl Hanser}, year = 1992, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InProceedings{ saint-dizier05, author = {Patrick Saint-Dizier}, title = {{PrepNet}: A Framework for Describing Prepositions: Preliminary Investigation Results}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Computational Semantics}, year = 2005, address = {Tilburg}, publisher = {Tilburg University} } @InProceedings{ samuelsson96, author = {Christer Samuelsson}, title = {Handling Sparse Data by Successive Abstraction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 96)}, year = 1996, pages = {895--900}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, month = aug } @InCollection{ sandewall71, author = {E. Sandewall}, title = {Representing Natural Language Information in Predicate Calculus}, editor = {B. Meltzer and D. Michie}, booktitle = {Machine Intelligence VI}, publisher = {American Elsevier}, year = 1971, volume = 6, pages = {255--277}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ sanfilippo93, author = {Antonio Sanfilippo}, title = {{LKB} Encoding of Lexical Knowledge}, pages = {190--222}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @InProceedings{ santos_cardoso_etal08, author = {Diana Santos and Nuno Cardoso and Paula Carvalho and Iustin Dornescu and Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling and Yvonne Skalban}, title = {Getting Geographical Answers from {W}ikipedia: the {GikiP} Pilot at {CLEF}}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2008 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2008 Workshop}, year = 2008, address = {Aarhus, Denmark}, month = sep } @Article{ schabes_shieber94, author = {Yves Schabes and Stuart M. Shieber}, title = {An Alternative Conception of Tree-Adjoining Derivation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1994, volume = 20, number = 1, pages = {?--?}, month = mar } @Book{ schader_kuhlins98, author = {Martin Schader and Stefan Kuhlins}, title = {{P}rogrammieren in {C++}}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ schank72, author = {Roger C. Schank}, title = {Conceptual Dependency: {A} Theory of Natural Language Understanding}, journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, year = 1972, volume = 3, number = 4, pages = {532--631} } @InProceedings{ schank73a, author = {R. C. Schank and C. Goldman and C. Rieger and C. Riesbeck}, title = {{MARGIE}: {M}emory, {A}nalysis, {R}esponse {G}eneration and {I}nference on {E}nglish}, booktitle = {Proceedings 3rd International Joint Conference on Artificial intelligence}, year = 1973, annote = {mesnet1} } @InCollection{ schank75, author = {R. C. Schank}, title = {Conceptual Dependency Theory}, editor = {R. C. Schank}, booktitle = {Conceptual Information Processing}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1975, chapter = 3, pages = {22--82}, address = {New Haven, Connecticut} } @InCollection{ schank86, author = {Roger C. Schank}, title = {Language and Memory}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {171--191}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ schank_abelson77, author = {Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson}, title = {Scripts, plans, goals and understanding}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1977, address = {Hillsdale} } @InProceedings{ schank_etal73, author = {R. Schank et al.}, title = {Margie: Memory, Analysis, Response, Generation and Inference on {E}nglish}, booktitle = {Proceedings 3rd AI-Conference)}, year = 1973, address = {Stanford} } @Book{ scheid_warlich74, author = {Harald Scheid and Lutz Warlich}, title = {{M}athematik f{\"u}r {L}ehramtskandidaten, {B}and 1: {M}engen, {R}elationen, {A}bbildungen}, publisher = {Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft}, year = 1974, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @TechReport{ schiehlen97, author = {Michael Schiehlen}, title = {Disambiguation of Underspecified Discourse Representation Structures under Anaphoric Constraints}, institution = {DFKI}, year = 1997, type = {Verbmobil-Report}, number = 188 } @InProceedings{ schilder_habel01, author = {Frank Schilder and Christopher Habel}, title = {From Temporal Expressions to Temporal Information: Semantic Tagging of News Messages}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing}, year = 2001, pages = {65--72}, address = {Toulouse, France} } @Book{ schildt98, author = {Herbert Schildt}, title = {C++ from the ground up}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, year = 1998, address = {New York} } @Book{ schildt_viehweger83, editor = {J. Schildt and D. Viehweger}, title = {{D}ie {L}exikographie von heute und das {W}{\"o}rterbuch von morgen. {A}nalysen - {P}robleme - {V}orschl{\"a}ge}, publisher = {Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Zentralinstitut f{\"u}r Wissenschaft}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ schmidt_stroehlein89, author = {G{\"u}nther Schmidt and Thomas Str{\"o}hlein}, title = {{R}elationen und {G}raphen}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1989, address = {Berlin}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ schmied-kowarzik86, author = {Walther Schmied-Kowarzik}, title = {Zeit und {R}aum: eine psychologische und tranzendentalphilosophische {U}ntersuchung}, publisher = {Gesamthochschulbibliothek}, year = 1986, series = {Kasseler philosophische {S}chriften}, address = {Kassel}, number = 19 } @Book{ schneider91, author = {H.-J. Schneider}, title = {{L}exikon der {I}nformatik und {D}atenverarbeitung}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1991, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ schneider97, author = {H.-J. Schneider}, title = {{L}exikon der {I}nformatik und {D}atenverarbeitung}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1997, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ schoeneburg93, author = {E. Sch{\"o}neburg}, title = {Industrielle {A}nwendung neuronaler {N}etzwerke}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1993, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ schoeneburg_hansen_etal90, author = {E. Sch{\"o}neburg and N. Hansen and A. Gawelczyk}, title = {Neuronale {N}etzwerke. {E}inf{\"u}hrung, {\"U}berblick und {A}nwendungsm{\"o}glichkeiten}, publisher = {Markt \& Technik}, year = 1990, address = {Haar b. {M\"u}nchen} } @Book{ schreiber77, author = {P. Schreiber}, title = {{G}rundlagen der {M}athematik}, publisher = {{VEB} Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften}, year = 1977, address = {Berlin}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ schreuder_grendel_etal90, author = {Robert Schreuder and Marjon Grendel and Nanda Poulisse and Ardi Roelofs and Marlies {van de Voort}}, title = {Lexical Processing, Morphological Complexity and Reading}, editor = {David A. Balota and Giovanni B. {Flores d'Arcais} and Keith Rayner}, booktitle = {Comprehension Processes in Reading}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1990, pages = {125--141}, address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey} } @Article{ schriver00, author = {Karen A. Schriver}, title = {Readability Formulas in the New Millennium: What's the Use?}, journal = {ACM Journal of Computer Documentation}, year = 2000, volume = 24, number = 3, pages = {138--140} } @Book{ schriver97, author = {Karen A. Schriver}, title = {Dynamics in Document Design}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = 1997, address = {New York} } @TechReport{ schubert74, author = {L. K. Schubert}, title = {Extending the Expressive Power of Semantic Networks}, institution = {Department of Computer Science, The University of Alberta}, year = 1974, number = {TR74-18}, address = {Edmonton, Canada}, month = nov, bib = {PI7} } @TechReport{ schulz97, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {On the Acquisition of Consistent Subcategorization Frames}, institution = {{F}ern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1997, type = {{T}echnical {R}eport}, address = {Hagen} } @PhDThesis{ schulz98, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {Eine Werkbank zur interaktiven Erstellung semantikbasierter Computerlexika}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 1998, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = aug } @TechReport{ schulz98a, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {Programmdokumentation zur {L}exikonwerkbank {LIA}}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1998, type = {{I}nternes {A}rbeitspapier}, address = {Hagen} } @PhDThesis{ schulz99, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {{E}ine {W}erkbank zur interaktiven {E}rstellung semantikbasierter {C}omputerlexika}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 1998, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = aug, annote = {year was wrong, it was 1998!} } @TechReport{ schulz_helbig96, author = {Marion Schulz and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{COLEX}: {E}in {C}omputerlexikon f{\"u}r die automatische {S}prachverarbeitung}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1996, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 210, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ schulz_mertens_etal95, author = {Marion Schulz and Andreas Mertens and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{D}ynamische {P}r{\"a}positionsanalyse mit {H}ilfe von {L}exikon und {W}ortagenten im {S}ystem {LINAS}}, editor = {James Kilbury and Richard Wiese}, booktitle = {Integrative Ans{\"a}tze in der Computerlinguistik. Beitr{\"a}ge zur 5. Fachtagung der Sektion Computerlinguistik der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft (DGfS--CL 95), D{\"u}sseldorf, 04.--06. Oktober 1995}, year = 1995, pages = {96--101}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf} } @InProceedings{ schulz_mertens_etal97, author = {Marion Schulz and Andreas Mertens and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{P}r{\"a}positionsanalyse im {S}ystem {LINAS}}, editor = {Dagmar Haumann and Stefan Schierholz}, booktitle = {Lexikalische und grammatische Eigenschaften pr{\"a}positionaler Elemente}, year = 1997, series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, pages = {105--121}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, number = 371 } @InProceedings{ schulz_schmidt92, author = {Marion Schulz and D. Schmidt}, title = {Yes/No Questions with Negation: Towards Integrating Semantics and Pragmatics}, booktitle = {Preprints of Proc.\ of GWAI-92}, year = 1992, pages = {211--216}, address = {Bonn, Germany} } @InCollection{ schulz_schmidt93, author = {Marion Schulz and D. Schmidt}, title = {Yes/No Questions with Negation: Towards Integrating Semantics and Pragmatics}, editor = {H. J. Ohlbach}, booktitle = {GWAI-92: Advances in Artificial Intelligence - Proc.\ of the 16th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Bonn, Germany}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1993, pages = {247--254}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ schumacher86, editor = {Helmut Schumacher}, title = {Verben in Feldern -- Valenzw{\"o}rterbuch zur Syntax und Semantik deutscher Verben}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1986, volume = 1, series = {Schriften des Instituts f{\"u}r deutsche Sprache}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ searle90, author = {John R. Searle}, title = {Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program?}, journal = {Scientific American}, year = 1990, volume = 262, number = 1, pages = {20--25} } @Book{ searle_kiefer_etal80, author = {J. R. Searle and F. Kiefer and M. Bierwisch}, title = {Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1980, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ sgal_hajicova77, author = {P. Sgall and E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a}}, title = {Focus on Focus ({P}art 1)}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics}, year = 1977, volume = 28, pages = {5--54} } @InProceedings{ sgall76, author = {P. Sgall}, title = {On the Notion of Semantic Language}, booktitle = {Proceedings (COLING 76)}, year = 1976 } @Article{ sgall80, author = {P. Sgall}, title = {Case and Meaning}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics}, year = 1980, volume = 33, pages = {5--21} } @InProceedings{ sgall82, author = {Petr Sgall}, title = {Natural Language Understanding and the Perspectives of Question Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 82)}, year = 1982, pages = {357--364}, address = {Prague} } @Book{ sgall_hajicova73, author = {P. Sgall and E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a}}, title = {Topic, Focus and Generative Semantics}, publisher = {Scriptor}, year = 1973, address = {Kronberg, Taunus} } @Article{ sgall_hajicova77, author = {P. Sgall and E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a}}, title = {Focus on Focus ({P}art 1)}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics}, year = 1977, volume = 28, pages = {5--54} } @Book{ sgall_hajicova98, author = {E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a} and B. Partee and P. Sgall}, title = {Topic-focus articulation, tripartite structures, and semantic content}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1998, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ shafer76, author = {Glenn Shafer}, title = {A Mathematical Theory of Evidence}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = 1976, address = {Princeton} } @Book{ shafer96, author = {Glenn Shafer}, title = {The Art of Causal Conjecture}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1996, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ shannon_weaver76, author = {Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver}, title = {{M}athematische {G}rundlagen der {I}nformationstheorie}, publisher = {R. Oldenbourg}, year = 1976, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Germany}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ shapiro04, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {A logic of Arbitrary and Indefinite Objects}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR-2004)}, year = 2004, pages = {565--575}, address = {AAAI, Menlo Park, California}, annote = {editor: D. Dubois and Ch. Welty and M. Williams} } @InProceedings{ shapiro71, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {A Net Structure for Semantic Information Storage, Deduction and Retrieval}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1971, pages = {512--523}, address = {Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA}, annote = {persoenliche Mitteilung von Stu} } @InCollection{ shapiro79, author = {S. C. Shapiro}, title = {The {SnePS} Semantic Network Processing System}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks: The Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {179--203}, address = {New York} } @Article{ shapiro86, author = {E. Shapiro}, title = {Concurrent {PROLOG}: {A} Progress Report}, journal = {Computer}, year = 1986, volume = 19, number = 8, pages = {44--58} } @Article{ shapiro91, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Case Studies of {SNePS}}, journal = {{SIGART} Bulletin}, year = 1991, volume = 2, number = 3, pages = 128 } @Book{ shapiro92, editor = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = 1992, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ shapiro92a, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro and William J. Rapaport}, title = {The {SN}e{PS} Family}, editor = {F. Lehmann}, booktitle = {Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Pergamon Press}, year = 1992, pages = {243--275}, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ shapiro92b, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Relevance Logic in Computer Science}, editor = {A. R. Anderson and N. D. Belnap and M. Dunn}, booktitle = {Entailment, Volume II}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = 1992, pages = {553--563}, address = {Princeton} } @Article{ shapiro96, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Formalizing {E}nglish}, journal = {International Journal of Expert Systems}, year = 1996, volume = 9, number = 1, pages = {151--171} } @InCollection{ shapiro99, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {{SnePS}: A Logic for Natural Language Understanding and Commonsense Reasoning}, editor = {L. Iwanska and S. Shapiro}, booktitle = {Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation: Language for Knowledge und Knowledge for Language}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1999, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ shieber86, author = {Stuart M. Shieber}, title = {An Introduction to Unification-Based Approaches to Grammar}, publisher = {Stanford University}, year = 1986, series = {CSLI Lecture Notes}, address = {Stanford, California}, number = 4 } @Article{ shieber94, author = {Stuart M. Shieber}, title = {Restricting the Weak-Generative Capacity of Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammars}, journal = {Computational Intelligence}, year = 1994, volume = 10, number = 4, pages = {371--385} } @TechReport{ shieber_schabes_etal94, author = {Stuart M. Shieber and Yves Schabes and Fernando C. N. Pereira}, title = {Principles and Implementation of Deductive Parsing}, institution = {Center for Research in Computing Technology, Harvard University}, year = 1994, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR-11-94}}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ shoenfield67, author = {J.R. Shoenfield}, title = {Mathematical Logic}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1967, address = {Reading} } @Manual{ sicstus95, author = {SICStus}, title = {SICSTUS Prolog User's Manual}, organization = {Swedish Institute of Computer Science}, address = {Kista, Sweden}, month = jun, year = 1995, key = {SICStus} } @InCollection{ sidner86, author = {Candace L. Sidner}, title = {Focusing in the Comprehension of Definite Anaphora}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {363--394}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ siefkes95, author = {D. Siefkes}, title = {{\"U}ber die fruchtbare {V}ervielf\"altigung der {G}edanken beim {R}eden}, journal = {Forschung und Lehre}, year = 1995, volume = 10, pages = {551--555} } @Book{ siegfried78, author = {Hans-Joachim Siegfried}, title = {{V}on der {M}engenlehre zur {S}chaltalgebra: {D}ie praktische {A}nwendung der {S}chaltalgebra in der {D}igitaltechnik}, publisher = {Franzis-Verlag}, year = 1978, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ simmons65, author = {Robert F. Simmons}, title = {Answering {E}nglish Questions by Computer: A Survey}, journal = {Communications of the ACM}, year = 1965, volume = 8, number = 1, pages = {53--70}, annote = {domain QA, one of the earliest surveys} } @InCollection{ simmons92, author = {G. Simmons}, title = {{K}ommentar zu {E}wald {L}ang: {L}inguistische vs.~konzeptuelle {A}spekte der {LILOG}--{O}ntologie}, editor = {G. Klose and E. Lang and Th. Pirlein}, booktitle = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1992, pages = {46--54}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {HA TZH/KLO} } @InProceedings{ simonet98, author = {G. Simonet}, title = {Two {FOL} Semantics for Simple and Nested Conceptual Graphs}, editor = {Marie-Laure Mugnier and Michel Chein}, booktitle = {Conceptual Structures: Theory, Tools and Applications (6th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'98)}, year = 1998, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {240--254}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1453 } @Article{ simpson91, author = {R. L. Simpson}, title = {{DARPA} {V}ision and Navigation}, journal = {IEEE Export}, year = {1991-92}, volume = 6, number = 4, pages = {11--52}, note = {6(5): 23--38, 7(1): 45--64} } @Article{ singh_etal98, author = {S. Singh and T. D. Gedeon and Y. Rho}, title = {Comprehension of Web Information for Users with Special Linguistic Needs}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, year = 1998, volume = 2, number = 48, pages = {86--108} } @InCollection{ singhal08, author = {Amit Singhal}, title = {Web Search: Challenges and Directions}, editor = {Craig Macdonald and Iadh Ounis and Vassilis Plachouras and Ian Ruthven and Ryen W. White}, booktitle = {Advances in Information Retrieval, 30th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2008}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2008, volume = 4956, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = 2, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-78645-0} } @Book{ sinowjew68, author = {A. A. Sinowjew}, title = {{\"U}ber mehrwertige {L}ogik. Ein Abri{\ss}}, publisher = {{DVW}--Vieweg--Winter}, year = 1968, address = {Berlin--Braunschweig--Basel} } @Book{ sinowjew_wessel75, author = {A.A. Sinowjew and H. Wessel}, title = {{L}ogische {S}prachregeln, eine {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {L}ogik}, publisher = {{VEB} {D}eutscher {V}erlag der {W}issenschaften}, year = 1975, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ sitta71, author = {H. Sitta}, title = {{S}emanteme {R}elationen}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1971, address = {Frankfurt/M.} } @Misc{ six89, author = {H.-W. Six}, title = {Kurs 1611 -- {P}rogrammierung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1989 } @Book{ skornjakov77, author = {L. A. Skornjakov}, title = {Elements of Lattice Theory}, publisher = {Hindustan Publishing Corporation}, year = 1977, address = {Delhi}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ slagle63, author = {J. R. Slagle}, title = {A Heuristic Program that Solves Symbolic Integration Problems}, editor = {E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman}, booktitle = {Computers and thought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, pages = {191--203}, address = {New York} } @Article{ slocum85, author = {J. Slocum}, title = {Special issue on machine translation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1985, volume = 11, number = {1, 2/3} } @InProceedings{ small81, author = {Steven Small}, title = {Viewing Word Expert Parsing as Linguistic Theory}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-81})}, year = 1981, pages = {70--76} } @InCollection{ small83, author = {Steven Small}, title = {Parsing as co-operative distributional inference. Understanding through memory interactions}, editor = {Margaret King}, booktitle = {Parsing Natural Language}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1983, pages = {247--276}, address = {London} } @InCollection{ small87, author = {Steven Small}, title = {A Distributed Word-Based Approach to Parsing}, editor = {Leonard Bolc}, booktitle = {Natural Language Parsing Systems}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1987, pages = {161--201}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ small_rieger82, author = {Steven Small and Chuck Rieger}, title = {Parsing and Comprehending with Word Experts (a Theory and its Realization)}, editor = {Wendy Lehnert and Martin Ringle}, booktitle = {Strategies for Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1982, pages = {89--147}, address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey} } @Article{ smolka_treinen94, author = {Gert Smolka and Ralf Treinen}, title = {Records for Logic Programming}, journal = {Journal of Logic Programming}, year = 1994, volume = 18, pages = {229--258} } @InProceedings{ socher_biemann_etal07, author = {Richard Socher and Chris Biemann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Combining Contexts in Lexicon Learning for Semantic Parsing}, editor = {Joakim Nivre and Heiki-Jaan Kaalep and Kadri Muischnek and Mare Koit}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NODALIDA 2007)}, year = 2007, pages = {175--182}, address = {Tartu, Estonia}, annote = {ISBN 978-9985-4-0514-7} } @Book{ sommerfeldt_schreiber80a, author = {Karl-Ernst Sommerfeldt and Herbert Schreiber}, title = {W\"orterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Adjektive}, publisher = {VEB Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1980, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ sommerfeldt_schreiber80b, author = {Karl-Ernst Sommerfeldt and Herbert Schreiber}, title = {W\"orterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Substantive}, publisher = {VEB Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1980, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ sommers82, author = {Fred Sommers}, title = {The logic of natural language}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1982, address = {Oxford} } @Book{ sommers90, author = {Fred Sommers}, title = {The logic of natural language}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1990, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ sonnenstuhl_huth01, author = {I. Sonnenstuhl and A. Huth}, title = {Processing of {G}erman -n Plurals: A Dual Mechanism Approach}, journal = {Brain and Language}, year = 2001, volume = 81, pages = {276--290} } @Article{ soon_ng_etal01, author = {Wee Meng Soon and Hwee Tou Ng and Daniel Chung Yong Lim}, title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Coreference Resolution of Noun Phrases}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {521--544}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ soon_ng_etal99, author = {Wee Meng Soon and Hwee Tou Ng and Chung Yong Lim}, title = {Corpus-Based Learning for Noun-Phrase Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {285--291}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, month = jun, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou} } @Book{ sowa00, author = {John F. Sowa}, title = {Knowledge {R}epresentation: {L}ogical, {P}hilosophical, and {C}omputational {F}oundations}, publisher = {Brooks \& Cole}, year = 2000, address = {Pacific Grove} } @Book{ sowa84, author = {John F. Sowa}, title = {Conceptual Structures. Information Processing in Mind and Machine}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, series = {The System Programming Series}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ sowa91, editor = {John F. Sowa}, title = {Principles of Semantic Networks: {E}xplorations in the Representation of Knowledge}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1991, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Book{ sparck-jones_wilks83, author = {Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Yorick Wilks}, title = {Automatic Natural Language Parsing}, publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, year = 1983, address = {Chichester, England} } @Book{ sparck_galliers96, editor = {Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Julia R. Galliers}, title = {Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems: An Analysis and Review}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, volume = 1083, series = {LNAI}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ stallard93, author = {David Stallard}, title = {Two Kinds of Metonymy}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'93)}, year = 1993, pages = {87--94}, address = {Columbus, Ohio}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1012} } @MastersThesis{ staudt02, author = {Dieter Staudt}, title = {Automatische {A}kquisition lexikalisch-semantischer {I}nformationen aus {T}extkorpora: {E}ine {U}ntersuchung zur {K}ategorie der {N}omina}, school = {Ruhr-Universit{\"a}t Bochum}, year = 2002, type = {Magisterarbeit}, address = {Bochum, Germany}, month = aug } @Book{ steedman2000, author = {Mark Steedman}, title = {The Syntactic Process}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 2000, series = {Language, Speech and Communication}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ steedman96, author = {Mark Steedman}, title = {Surface Structure and Interpretation}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1996, volume = 30, series = {Linguistic Inquiry Monographs}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ steele90, editor = {G. L. Steele}, title = {{COMMON LISP}, The language}, publisher = {Digital Press}, year = 1990, address = {Burlington, Massachusetts}, edition = 2 } @Article{ stefik81, author = {M. Stefik}, title = {Planning with Constraints: {MOLGEN} ({P}art {I}).{ P}lanning and Meta-Planning: {MOLGEN} ({P}art {II})}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1981, volume = 16, number = 2, pages = {111--169} } @Book{ stegmueller75, author = {W. Stegm{\"u}ller}, title = {{H}auptstr{\"o}mungen der {G}egenwartsphilosophie}, publisher = {Kr{\"o}ner}, year = 1975, address = {Stuttgart} } @Book{ stegmueller83, author = {Wolfgang Stegm{\"u}ller}, title = {Probleme und {R}esultate der {W}issenschaftstheorie und analytischen {P}hilosophie. {B}and 1 -- {E}rkl{\"a}rung {B}egr{\"u}ndung {K}ausalit{\"a}t}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ stegmueller89, author = {W. Stegm{\"u}ller}, title = {{H}auptstr{\"o}mungen der {G}egenwartsphilosophie}, publisher = {Kr{\"o}ner}, year = 1989, address = {Stuttgart} } @MastersThesis{ stenglein06, author = {Brigitte Stenglein}, title = {Evaluierung des nat{\"u}rlichsprachlichen {I}nterfaces {NLI-Z39.50}}, school = {Fachbereich Informatik, Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2006, type = {Masterarbeit ({M}aster of {C}omputer {S}cience)}, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @Book{ sterling_shapiro86, author = {L. Sterling and E. Shapiro}, title = {{PROLOG}}, publisher = {Addison- Wesley}, year = 1986, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ sterling_shapiro88, author = {L. Sterling and E. Shapiro}, title = {{PROLOG}: Fortgeschrittene Programmiertechniken}, publisher = {Addison- Wesley}, year = 1988, address = {Bonn} } @InProceedings{ stetina_nagao97, author = {Jiri Stetina and Makoto Nagao}, title = {Corpus Based {PP} Attachment Ambiguity Resolution with a Semantic Dictionary}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Very Large Corpora (WVLC-5)}, year = 1997, pages = {66--80} } @Article{ stevenson_wilks01, author = {Mark Stevenson and Yorick Wilks}, title = {The Interaction of Knowledge Sources in Word Sense Disambiguation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 3, pages = {321--349}, month = sep } @Book{ stickel70, author = {G. Stickel}, title = {{U}ntersuchungen zur {N}egation im heutigen {D}eutsch}, publisher = {Vieweg}, year = 1970, address = {Braunschweig} } @Article{ stickel85, author = {M. Stickel}, title = {Automated Deduction by Theory Resolution}, journal = {Journal of Automated Reasoning}, year = 1985, volume = 1, number = 4, pages = {333--356} } @Book{ stillings87, editor = {N. A. Stillings and al.}, title = {Cognitive science, an introduction}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1987, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @TechReport{ stolzenburg93, author = {Frieder Stolzenburg}, title = {An Algorithm for General Set Unification and its Complexity}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1993, type = {Fachberichte Informatik}, number = {3/93}, address = {Koblenz} } @TechReport{ stolzenburg95, author = {Frieder Stolzenburg}, title = {Membership-Constraints and Complexity in Logic Programming with Sets}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1995, type = {Fachberichte Informatik}, number = {13/95}, address = {Koblenz} } @InCollection{ stolzenburg96, author = {Frieder Stolzenburg}, title = {Membership-Constraints and Complexity in Logic Programming with Sets}, editor = {Franz Baader and Klaus U. Schulz}, booktitle = {Frontiers in Combining Systems}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1996, pages = {196--212}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ stoyan86, author = {Herbert Stoyan}, title = {Programmiermethoden der {K\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1986, volume = 1, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ stoyan91, author = {Herbert Stoyan}, title = {Programmiermethoden der {K\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, volume = 2, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ stoyan_goerz84, author = {Herbert Stoyan and G{\"u}nter G{\"o}rz}, title = {{LISP}: {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {P}rogrammierung}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1984, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ string_helbig82, author = {P. String and H. Helbig}, title = {Lingva Reformulado de storitaj datumstrukturoj el automata prilaborado de tekstoj}, booktitle = {Proc. INTERCOMPUTO-82}, year = 1982, pages = {102--105}, address = {Budapest, Hungary} } @InProceedings{ strube_hahn95, author = {Michael Strube and Udo Hahn}, title = {{ParseTalk} about Sentence- and Text-Level Anaphora}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'95)}, year = 1995, pages = {237--244}, address = {Dublin, Ireland} } @Article{ strube_hahn99, author = {Michael Strube and Udo Hahn}, title = {Functional Centering -- Grounding Referential Coherence in Information Structure}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1999, volume = 25, number = 3, pages = {309--344}, month = sep } @Book{ strzalkowski_harabagiu06, editor = {Tomek Strzalkowski and Sanda Harabagiu}, title = {Advances in Open Domain Question Answering}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, address = {New York} } @Article{ stuckardt01, author = {Roland Stuckardt}, title = {Design and Enhanced Evaluation of a Robust Anaphor Resolution Algorithm}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {479--506}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ stuckardt97, author = {Roland Stuckardt}, title = {Resolving Anaphoric References on Deficient Syntactic Descriptions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {30--37}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @InProceedings{ stuckenschmidt_schlieder_etal01, author = {H. Stuckenschmidt and C. Schlieder and U. Visser and T. Voegele and H. Neumann}, title = {Spatial Reasoning for Information Brokering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of International Florida AI Research Symposium ({FLAIRS}~2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {568--573}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @Book{ suppes70, author = {Patrick Suppes}, title = {A Probabilistic Theory of Causality}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1970, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ swartout81, author = {W. Swartout}, title = {Explaining and Justifying Expert Consulting Programs}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {815--822}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ swinburne83, editor = {Richard Swinburne}, title = {Space, time and causality}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1983, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ szep_forgo83, author = {J. Szep and F. Forgo}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {S}pieltheorie}, publisher = {Akademiai Kiado}, year = 1983, address = {Budapest} } @Article{ takeuchi_okuno_etal86, author = {I. Takeuchi and H. Okuno and N. Ohsato}, title = {A List Processing Language with Multiple Programming Paradigms}, journal = {New Generation Computing}, year = 1986, volume = 4, number = 4, pages = {401--444}, address = {Tokyo} } @Book{ takeuti75, author = {Gaisi Takeuti}, title = {Proof Theory}, publisher = {North-Holland Publishing Company}, year = 1975, volume = 81, series = {Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics}, address = {Amsterdam} } @Book{ tanenbaum95, author = {Andrew S. Tanenbaum}, title = {Moderne Betriebssysteme}, publisher = {Hanser}, year = 1995, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, edition = 2 } @InCollection{ tanev_kouylekov_etal06, author = {Hristo Tanev and Milen Kouylekov and Bernardo Magnini and Matteo Negri and Kiril Simov}, title = {Exploiting Linguistic Indices and Syntactic Structures for Multilingual Question Answering: ITC-irst at {CLEF} 2005}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Henning M{\"u}ller and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {390--399}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-45697-1} } @InCollection{ tanev_negri_etal05, author = {Hristo Tanev and Matteo Negri and Bernardo Magnini and Milen Kouylekov}, title = {The {DIOGENE} Question Answering System at {CLEF}-2004}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {435--445}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ taylor53, author = {Wilson Taylor}, title = {Cloze Procedure: A New Tool for Measuring Readability}, journal = {Journalism Quarterly}, year = 1953, volume = 30, pages = {415--433} } @Book{ taylor90, author = {Insup Taylor}, title = {Psycholinguistics -- Learning and Using Language}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1990, address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey} } @Manual{ teitelmann74, author = {W. Teitelmann}, title = {Interlisp reference manual}, organization = {Xerox Research Center}, address = {Palo Alto}, year = 1974 } @Proceedings{ tepfenhart_cyre99, title = {Conceptual Structures: Standards and Practices (7th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'99)}, year = 1999, editor = {William Tepfenhart and Walling Cyre}, number = 1640, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ terry88, author = {A. Terry}, title = {Using Explict Strategic Knowledge to Control Expert Systems}, editor = {R. Engelmore and T. Morgan}, booktitle = {Blackboard Systems}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1988, pages = {159--188}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ tesniere59, author = {Lucien Tesni{\`e}re}, title = {El{\'e}ments de syntaxe structurale}, publisher = {Klincksieck}, year = 1959, address = {Paris} } @Article{ tetreault01, author = {Joel R. Tetreault}, title = {A Corpus-Based Evaluation of Centering and Pronoun Resolution}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {507--520}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ tetreault99, author = {Joel R. Tetreault}, title = {Analysis of Syntax-Based Pronoun Resolution Methods}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'99)}, year = 1999, pages = {602--605} } @Manual{ texas85, title = {Natural Language Menu - user's guide}, organization = {Digital systems group}, address = {Dallas, Texas}, year = 1985, key = {Texas Instruments} } @Book{ thorp80, author = {John Thorp}, title = {Free will: {A} defence against neurophysiological determinism}, publisher = {Routledge \& Paul}, year = 1980, address = {London} } @MastersThesis{ tjaden96, author = {Ingo Tjaden}, title = {Semantische {P}r{\"a}positionsinterpretation im {R}ahmen der {W}ortklassen-gesteuerten {A}nalyse}, school = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1996, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @Book{ topsoe74, author = {F. Topsoe}, title = {{I}nformationstheorie}, publisher = {B. G. Teubner}, year = 1974, address = {Stuttgart}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ touretzky86, author = {David S. Touretzky}, title = {The Mathematics of Inheritance Systems}, publisher = {Pitman Publishing}, year = 1986, series = {Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, address = {London} } @Book{ trilling69, author = {Wolfgang Trilling}, title = {Fragen zur Geschichtlichkeit Jesu}, publisher = {St. Benno-Verlag GmbH}, year = 1969, address = {Leipzig}, edition = 3 } @Book{ tulving_donaldson72, author = {E. Tulving and W. Donaldson}, title = {Organization of Memory}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1972, address = {New York} } @Article{ turing50, author = {A. Turing}, title = {Computing Machinery and Intelligence}, journal = {Mind}, year = 1950, volume = {LIX}, pages = 236 } @Book{ turner84, author = {Raymond Turner}, title = {Logics for Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Wiley \& Sons}, year = 1984, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ uchida83, author = {Shunichi Uchida}, title = {Inference Machine: From Sequential to Parallel}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture}, year = 1983, pages = {410--416}, address = {Stockholm} } @InProceedings{ utiyama_murata_etal00, author = {Masao Utiyama and Masaki Murata and Hitoshi Isahara}, title = {A Statistical Approach to the Processing of Metonymy}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-2000)}, year = 2000, pages = {885--891}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C00-2128} } @InProceedings{ vallin_magnini_etal05, author = {Alessandro Vallin and Bernardo Magnini and Danilo Giampiccolo and Lili Aunimo and Christelle Ayache and Petya Osenova and Anselmo Pe\~{n}as and Maarten de Rijke and Bogdan Sacaleanu and Diana Santos and Richard Sutcliffe}, title = {Overview of the {CLEF} 2005 Multilingual Question Answering Track}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep } @Book{ van-rijsbergen75, author = {Cornelis J. {van Rijsbergen}}, title = {Information Retrieval}, publisher = {Butterworths}, year = 1975, address = {London, England} } @Article{ van-rijsbergen86, author = {Cornelis J. {van Rijsbergen}}, title = {A Non-Classical Logic for Information Retrieval}, journal = {The Computer Journal}, year = 1986, volume = 29, number = 6, pages = {481--485} } @Book{ vanbenthem86, author = {Johan {van Benthem}}, title = {Essays in Logical Semantics}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1986, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ vanbenthem91, author = {Johan {van Benthem}}, title = {The Logic of Time}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1991, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ vandeemter_kibble00, author = {Kees {van Deemter} and Rodger Kibble}, title = {On Coreferring: Coreference in {MUC} and Related Annotation Schemes}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2000, volume = 26, number = 4, pages = {629--637}, month = dec } @Article{ vandermeer99, author = {Elke {van der Meer}}, title = {Zeitkodierung in {W}issensk{\"o}rpern}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie}, year = 1999, volume = 207, number = {3--4}, pages = {363--381} } @Booklet{ vanderwaerden50, author = {Bartel L. {van der Waerden}}, title = {{M}oderne {A}lgebra}, year = 1950, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ vandijk_kintsch83, author = {Teun A. {van Dijk} and Walter Kintsch}, title = {Strategies of Discourse Comprehension}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1983, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ vanemdeboas78, author = {P. van Emde Boas}, title = {The Connection between Modal Logic and Algorithmic Logic}, editor = {J. Winkowski}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science}, year = 1978, series = {LNCS}, volume = 64, pages = {1--15}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @Book{ vanhentenryck89, author = {Pascal {Van Hentenryck}}, title = {Constraint Satisfaction in Logic Programming}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1989, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ vanmelle79, author = {W. {Van Melle}}, title = {A Domain Independent Production Rule System for Consultation Programs}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79)}, year = 1979, pages = {923--925}, address = {Tokyo} } @InCollection{ vargas-vera_motta_etal04, author = {Maria Vargas-Vera and Enrico Motta and Raul Monroy and Gustavo Arroyo-Figueroa}, title = {AQUA: Ontology-based question answering system}, booktitle = {MICAI 2004: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2004, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {468--477}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ vendler67, author = {Zeno Vendler}, title = {Linguistics in Philosophy}, publisher = {Cornell University Press}, year = 1967, address = {Ithaca, New York} } @InProceedings{ vesonder_etal83, author = {G.T. Vesonder and others}, title = {{ACE}: {A}n Expert system fore Telephone Cable Maintenance}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-83)}, year = 1983, pages = {116--121}, address = {Karlsruhe} } @InCollection{ vicedo_ferrandez06, author = {Jose L. Vicedo and Antonio Ferr{\'a}ndez}, title = {Coreference in {Q \& A}}, editor = {Tomek Strzalkowski and Sanda Harabagiu}, booktitle = {Advances in Open Domain Question Answering}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 32, series = {Text, Speech and Language Technology}, pages = {71--96}, address = {Dordrecht} } @InProceedings{ vicedo_saiz_etal04, author = {Jos{\'e} L. Vicedo and Maximiliano Saiz and Rub{\'e}n Izquierdo}, title = {Does {E}nglish help Question Answering in {S}panish?}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {419--423}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ vicedo_saiz_etal05, author = {Jos{\'e} L. Vicedo and Maximiliano Saiz and Rub{\'e}n Izquierdo and Fernando Llopis}, title = {Does {E}nglish Help Question Answering in {S}panish?}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {552--556}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Article{ vieira_poesio00, author = {Renata Vieira and Massimo Poesio}, title = {An Empirically Based System for Processing Definite Descriptions}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2000, volume = 26, number = 4, pages = {539--593}, month = dec } @Article{ vila94, author = {Lluis Vila}, title = {A Survey on Temporal Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence}, journal = {AI Communications}, year = 1994, volume = 7, number = 1, pages = {4--28}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ vilain85, author = {N. Vilain}, title = {The Restricted Language Architecture of a Hybrid Representation System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artifical Intelligence}, year = 1985, pages = {547--551}, address = {Los Angeles, California} } @InProceedings{ vilain_burger_etal95, author = {Marc Vilain and John Burger and John Aberdeen and Dennis Connolly and Lynette Hirschman}, title = {A Model-Theoretic Coreference Scoring Scheme}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)}, year = 1995, pages = {45--52}, address = {San Mateo, California}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @InProceedings{ vilian82, author = {M. B. Vilian}, title = {A System for Reasoning about Time}, booktitle = {Proceedings AAAI 82}, year = 1982, pages = {197--201} } @InProceedings{ volk00, author = {Martin Volk}, title = {Scaling Up. {U}sing the {WWW} to Resolve {PP} Attachment Ambiguities}, editor = {Werner Z{\"u}hlke and Ernst G{\"u}nter Schukat-Talamazzini}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Natural Language Processing -- {KONVENS-2000}}, year = 2000, pages = {151--155}, address = {Ilmenau, Germany}, month = oct } @InProceedings{ volk01, author = {Martin Volk}, title = {Exploiting the {WWW} as a Corpus to Resolve {PP} Attachment Ambiguities}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference 2001}, year = 2001, pages = {601--606}, address = {Lancaster, England} } @InProceedings{ volk_jung_etal95, author = {Martin Volk and Michael Jung and Dirk Richarz}, title = {A workbench for the development of natural language grammars}, booktitle = {Proceedings of PAP-95 (The Practical Application of {PROLOG})}, year = 1995, pages = {637--660}, address = {Paris} } @Book{ von-neumann_morgenstern44, author = {John {Von Neumann} and Oskar Morgenstern}, title = {Theory of games and economic behavior}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = 1944, address = {Princeton} } @Book{ von-wright74, author = {Georg Henrik {von Wright}}, title = {Causality and determinism}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, year = 1974, series = {The {W}oodbridge {L}ectures}, address = {New York}, number = 10 } @Book{ vonkutschera_breitkopf74, author = {Franz {von Kutschera} and Alfred Breitkopf}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die moderne {L}ogik}, publisher = {Karl Alber}, year = 1974, address = {Freiburg}, edition = 3, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ vonstechow_wunderlich91, editor = {Arnim {von Stechow} and Dieter Wunderlich}, title = {{S}emantik. {E}in internationales {H}andbuch der zeitgen{\"o}ssichen {F}orschung}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1991, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ voorhees00, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees}, title = {Overview of the {TREC-9} Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC-9})}, year = 2000, pages = {71--79}, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ voorhees01, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2001 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2001})}, year = 2001, pages = {42--51}, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ voorhees02, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2002 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2002})}, year = 2002, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ voorhees03, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2003 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2003})}, year = 2003, pages = {54--68}, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ voorhees04, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2004 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2004})}, year = 2004, pages = {54--68}, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ voorhees99, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees}, title = {The {TREC-8} Question Answering Track Report}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC-8})}, year = 1999, pages = {77--82}, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST}, annote = {first QA track at TREC} } @InProceedings{ voorhees_dang05, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Hoa Trang Dang}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2005 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourteenth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2005})}, year = 2005, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ voorhees_tice99, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Dawn M. Tice}, title = {The {TREC-8} Question Answering Track Evaluation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC-8})}, year = 1999, pages = {83--105}, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST}, annote = {sister paper to voorhees99 that concentrates on test set construction and validity of the evaluation} } @Book{ vossen98, editor = {Piek Vossen}, title = {{E}uro{W}ord{N}et: A Multilingual Database with Lexical Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1998, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ wachsmuth93, author = {I. Wachsmuth}, title = {Expertensysteme, {P}lanen und {P}robleml{\"o}sen}, editor = {G. G{\"o}rz}, booktitle = {Einf{\"u}hrung in die K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1993, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ wahlster00, editor = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {Verbmobil: {F}oundations of Speech-to-Speech Translation}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2000, address = {Berlin, Germany} } @InProceedings{ wahlster04, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {{S}mart{W}eb: Mobile applications of the Semantic Web}, booktitle = {Proc. KI 2004: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 2004, series = {LNAI}, volume = 3238, pages = {50--51}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @TechReport{ wahlster86, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {The Role of Natural Language in Advanced Knowledge-Based Systems}, institution = {Univ. des Saarlandes, KI-Labor}, year = 1986, type = {Bericht}, number = {No. 6}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @InProceedings{ wahlster93, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {{VERBMOBIL}: Translation of face-to-face dialogs}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}, year = 1993, pages = {29--38}, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ wahlster97, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {{VERBMOBIL} -- {E}rkennung, {A}nalyse, {T}ransfer, {G}enerierung und {S}ynthese von {S}pontansprache}, institution = {DFKI}, year = 1997, type = {Verbmobil-Report}, number = 198, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @Book{ wahlster_engelkamp92, editor = {W. Wahlster and J. Engelkamp}, title = {Wissenschaftliche Ziele und Netzpl{\"a}ne f{\"ur} das {VERBMOBIL}-Projekt}, publisher = {DFKI}, year = 1992, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @Book{ wahrig92, author = {Gerhard Wahrig}, title = {Deutsches W{\"o}rterbuch}, publisher = {Bertelsmann-Lexikon-Verlag}, year = 1992, address = {G{\"u}tersloh}, language = {de} } @Book{ waibel_lee90, author = {Alex Waibel and Kai-Fu Lee}, title = {Readings in Speech Recognition}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1990, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Book{ walker95, editor = {Donald E. Walker}, title = {Automating the lexicon: research and practice in a multilingual environment}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1995, address = {Oxford} } @Proceedings{ walker_norton69, title = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-69)}, year = 1969, editor = {D.E. Walker and L.M. Norton}, address = {Washington D.C., USA}, month = may } @Article{ warren_gibson02, author = {Tessa Warren and Edward Gibson}, title = {The Influence of Referential Processing on Sentence Complexity}, journal = {Cognition}, year = 2002, volume = 85, pages = {79--112} } @InProceedings{ watanabe_elio87, author = {L. Watanabe and R. Elio}, title = {Guiding Constructive Induction for Incremental Learning from examples}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-87)}, year = 1987, pages = {293--296}, address = {Mailand} } @Book{ waterman_hayes-roth78, author = {D. A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth}, title = {Pattern-Directed Inference Systems}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1978, address = {New York} } @Misc{ wcag2007, author = {Ben Caldwell and Michael Cooper and Loretta Guarino Reid and Gregg Vanderheiden}, title = {Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 Working Draft}, howpublished = {{W3C}}, year = 2007 } @Book{ weatherford91, author = {Roy Weatherford}, title = {The Implications of Determinism}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = 1991, address = {London} } @InCollection{ webber86, author = {Bonnie L. Webber}, title = {So what we can talk about now?}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {395--414}, address = {Los Altos, California}, bib = {HA TZH/GRO} } @PhDThesis{ wechsler91, author = {Stephen Wechsler}, title = {Argument Structure and Linking}, school = {Stanford University}, year = 1991, type = {{PhD} Dissertation}, address = {Stanford, California} } @Book{ wedekind91, author = {H. Wedekind}, title = {{D}atenbanksysteme I}, publisher = {Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1991, address = {Mannheim}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ weiss_kulikowski79, author = {S. M. Weiss and C. A. Kulikowski}, title = {{EXPERT}: {A} System for Developing Consultation Models}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79)}, year = 1979, pages = {942--947}, address = {Tokyo} } @InProceedings{ weiss_kulikowski81, author = {S. M. Weiss and C. A. Kulikowski}, title = {Developing Microprocessor-based Expert Models for Instrument Interpretation}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {853--855}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ weiss_kulikowski91, author = {Sholom M. Weiss and Casimir A. Kulikowski}, title = {Computer Systems That Learn: Classification and Prediction Methods from Statistics, Neural Nets, Machine Learning, and Expert Systems}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1991, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Article{ weiss_kulikowski_etal78, author = {S. M. Weiss and C. A. Kulikowski and others}, title = {A Model-based Method for Computer-Aided Decision Making}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1978, volume = 11, number = {1/2}, pages = {145--172} } @Article{ weizenbaum66, author = {J. Weizenbaum}, title = {{ELIZA} - a Computer Program for the Study of Language Communication between Man and Computer}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1966, volume = 9, number = 36, pages = 45 } @Book{ wermter_riloff_etal96, editor = {Stefan Wermter and Ellen Riloff and Gabriele Scheler}, title = {Connectionist, Statistical, and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, volume = 1040, series = {LNAI}, address = {Berlin}, booktitle = {Connectionist, Statistical, and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing} } @Book{ wessel77, author = {H. Wessel}, title = {Logik und empirische Wissenschaften}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1977, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ white77, author = {J. L. White}, title = {Program is Data - a Historical Perspective on {MACLISP}}, booktitle = {MACSYMA user conference}, year = 1977, address = {Berkeley, California} } @Book{ whitelock_kilby95, author = {Peter Whitelock and Kieran Kilby}, title = {Linguistic and computational techniques in machine translation system design}, publisher = {UCL Press}, year = 1995, address = {London} } @Book{ wichter88, author = {S. Wichter}, title = {{S}ignifikantgleiche {Z}eichen}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 1988, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ wierzbicka72, author = {Anna Wierzbicka}, title = {Semantic Primitives}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1972, series = {{L}ingustische {F}orschungen}, address = {Frankfurt}, number = 22 } @Book{ wierzbicka96, author = {Anna Wierzbicka}, title = {Semantics: Primes and Universals}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1996, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ wiig84, author = {K. Wiig}, title = {Market Trends in Artificial Intelligence in the {U}nited {S}tates and {J}apan}, editor = {T. Bernold and G. Alberts}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence: Towards Practical Application}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1984, pages = {169--180}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ wilks75, author = {Yorick Wilks}, title = {An Intelligent Analyser and Understander of {E}nglish}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1975, volume = 18, pages = {264--274} } @Article{ wilks92, author = {Yorick Wilks}, title = {The Preference Semantics Family}, journal = {Computers Math. Applic.}, year = 1992, volume = 23, number = 2, pages = {205--221} } @Article{ wilks_stevenson98, author = {Yorick Wilks and Mark Stevenson}, title = {The Grammar of Sense: Using Part-of-Speech Tags as a First Step in Semantic Disambiguation}, journal = {Natural Language Engineering}, year = 1998, volume = 4, number = 2, pages = {135--143} } @Book{ winograd72, author = {Terry Winograd}, title = {Understanding Natural Language}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1972, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ winograd75, author = {T. Winograd}, title = {Frame Representations and the Declarative-Procedural Controversy}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {185--210}, address = {New York} } @Book{ winograd83, author = {Terry Winograd}, title = {Language as a Cognitive Process: Volume {I}: Syntax}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1983, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ winograd_flores89, author = {Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores}, title = {{E}rkenntnis -- {M}aschinen -- {V}erstehen}, publisher = {Rotbuch}, year = 1989, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ winston80, author = {Patrick H. Winston}, title = {Learning and Reasoning by Analogy}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1980, volume = 23, number = 12, pages = {689--703} } @Book{ winston92, author = {Patrick H. Winston}, title = {Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1992, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ winston_horn89, author = {Patrick H. Winston and Berthold K. P. Horn}, title = {Lisp}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1989, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, edition = 3 } @Article{ wipkke_todd_etal78, author = {W. Wipke and O. Todd and I. Glen and S. Krishan}, title = {Simulation and Evaluation of Chemical Synthesis - {SECS}}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1978, volume = 11, number = {1/2}, pages = {173--193} } @Book{ wittgenstein69a, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {Schriften 1 -- {T}ractatus logico-philosophicus, {T}ageb{\"u}cher 1914--1916, {P}hilosophische {U}ntersuchungen}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, address = {Frankfurt} } @InCollection{ wittgenstein69b, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {Tractatus logico-philosophicus}, booktitle = {Schriften 1}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, pages = {7--83}, address = {Frankfurt} } @InCollection{ wittgenstein69c, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {{P}hilosophische {U}ntersuchungen}, booktitle = {Schriften 1}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, pages = {279--544}, address = {Frankfurt} } @Book{ wittgenstein75, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {{P}hilosophische {U}ntersuchungen}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1975, address = {Frankfurt} } @InProceedings{ wojcik_hoard_etal90, author = {Richard H. Wojcik and James E. Hoard and Katherina Holzhauser}, title = {The {B}oeing {S}implified {E}nglish {C}hecker}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference Human Machine Interaction and Artificial Intelligence in Aeronautics and Space}, year = 1990, pages = {43--57}, address = {Toulouse: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Toulouse} } @Article{ wolf_gibson05, author = {Florian Wolf and Edward Gibson}, title = {Representing Discourse Coherence: A Corpus-Based Study}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2005, volume = 31, number = 2, pages = {249--287} } @Book{ wolf_setzer91, author = {Stephan Wolf and Ralf Setzer}, title = {Wissensverarbeitung mit {KEE}: {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {E}rstellung von {E}xpertensystemen}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1991, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Article{ woods70, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {Transition Network Grammars for Natural Language Analysis}, journal = {Communications of the ACM}, year = 1970, volume = 13, number = 10, pages = {591--606} } @InCollection{ woods75, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {What's in a Link: {F}oundations for Semantic Networks}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {35--82}, address = {New York}, bib = {E?} } @InProceedings{ woods76, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {A Compiling System for {ATN}}, booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 88)}, year = 1976, address = {Ottawa, Canada} } @InCollection{ woods77, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {Lunar Rocks in Natural {E}nglish: Explorations in Natural Language Question Answering}, editor = {Antonio Zampolli}, booktitle = {Linguistic Structures Processing}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1977, pages = {521--569}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ woods80, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {Cascaded {ATN}-Grammars}, journal = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics}, year = 1980, volume = 6, number = 1, pages = {1--12} } @InCollection{ woods86, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {Semantics and Quantification in Natural Language Question Answering}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {205--248}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @TechReport{ woods_kaplan_etal72, author = {W. A. Woods and Ron Kaplan and B. Nash-Webber}, title = {The {LUNAR} Sciences Natural Language Information System: {F}inal Report}, institution = {Bolt Beranek and Newman}, year = 1972, number = {{BBN} Report No. 2378}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Article{ wu_furugori96, author = {Haodong Wu and Teiji Furugori}, title = {A Hybrid Disambiguation Model for Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing}, year = 1996, volume = 11, number = 4, pages = {187--192} } @MastersThesis{ wuerz99, author = {Felix C. W{\"u}rz}, title = {{K}onzeption und {R}ealisierung eines {M}oduls zur {T}ransformation von {B}edeutungsstrukturen nat{\"u}rlichsprachlicher {A}nfragen in das {Z39.50}--{P}rotokoll}, school = {FernUniverstit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1999, type = {Diplomarbeit}, address = {Hagen}, month = apr } @InCollection{ wunderlich_herweg91, author = {Dieter Wunderlich and Michael Herweg}, title = {{Lo}kale und {D}irektionale ({S}patial and {D}irectional {P}repositions)}, editor = {Arnim {von Stechow} and Dieter Wunderlich}, booktitle = {Semantik. Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgen{\"o}ssichen Forschung}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1991, pages = {758--785}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ wussing71, editor = {H. Wussing}, title = {Die Hilbertschen Probleme}, publisher = {Geest \& Portig}, year = 1971, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ wysotzki_unger81, author = {F. Wysotzki and S. Unger}, title = {Lernf{\"a}hige Klassifizierungssysteme}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1981, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ yaz, author = {Index-Data}, title = {{YAZ} User's Guide and Reference}, institution = {Index Data}, year = 1997, url = {http://www.indexdata.dk/yaz/yaz.html} } @InProceedings{ yeh00, author = {Alexander S. Yeh}, title = {More Accurate Tests for the Statistical Significance of Result Differences}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-2000)}, year = 2000, pages = {947--953}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany} } @InProceedings{ yeh_vilain98, author = {Alexander S. Yeh and Marc B. Vilain}, title = {Some Properties of Preposition and Subordinate Conjunction Attachments}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)}, year = 1998, pages = {1436--1442}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada} } @InProceedings{ yip85, author = {Kenneth M. Yip}, title = {Tense, Aspect, and the Cognitive Representation of Time}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th IJCAI}, year = 1985, pages = {806--814}, address = {Los Angeles, California}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @InProceedings{ yokote_tokoro86, author = {Y. Yokote and M. Tokoro}, title = {The Design and Implementation of {CONCURRENT SMALLTALK}}, editor = {M. Meyrowitz}, booktitle = {Proc. Int. Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA-86)}, year = 1976, pages = {331--340}, address = {Portland, Oregon} } @Book{ young75, author = {John F. Young}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {I}nformationstheorie}, publisher = {R. Oldenbourg Verlag}, year = 1975, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Wien}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ z3950, author = {{L}ibrary of Congress}, title = {ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1995 specifies versions 2 and 3 of the Z39.50 protocol}, publisher = {Z39.50 Maintenance Agency}, year = 1995, url = {http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/1995doce.html} } @Article{ zadeh65, author = {Lotfi A. Zadeh}, title = {Fuzzy Sets}, journal = {Information and Control}, year = 1965, volume = 8, pages = {338--353} } @Article{ zajac92, author = {R{\'{e}}mi Zajac}, title = {Inheritance and Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 2, pages = {159--182}, month = jun } @InProceedings{ zavrel_daelemans_etal97, author = {Jakub Zavrel and Walter Daelemans and Jorn Veenstra}, title = {Resolving {PP} Attachment Ambiguities with Memory-Based Learning}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-97)}, year = 1997, pages = {136--144}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Manual{ zebra05, author = {Sebastian Hammer and Adam Dickmeiss and Heikki Levanto and Mike Taylor}, title = {Zebra -- User's Guide and Reference}, address = {Copenhagen}, year = 2005, institution = {{IndexData}} } @TechReport{ zebra98, author = {Index-Data}, title = {{Zebra} Administrator's Guide and Reference}, institution = {{IndexData}}, year = 1998, address = {Index Data Aps, Ryesgade 3, Copenhagen} } @InProceedings{ zelenko_aone_etal04, author = {Dmitry Zelenko and Chinatsu Aone and Jason Tibbetts}, title = {Coreference Resolution for Information Extraction}, editor = {Sanda Harabagiu and David Farwell}, booktitle = {ACL-2004: Workshop on Reference Resolution and its Applications}, year = 2004, pages = {24--31}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, month = jul, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics} } @Book{ zelinski-wibbelt93, editor = {Cornelia Zelinski-Wibbelt}, title = {The Semantics of Prepositions}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 1993, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ zell97, author = {Andreas Zell}, title = {Simulation neuronaler Netze}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1997, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ zernik91, author = {U. Zernik}, title = {Lexical Acquisition}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1991, volume = 1, address = {Hillsdale} } @Book{ zobel04, author = {Justin Zobel}, title = {Writing for Computer Science}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2004, address = {London}, edition = 2 } @Article{ zwaan_radvansky98, author = {Rolf A. Zwaan and Gabriel A. Radvansky}, title = {Situation Models in Language Comprehension and Memory}, journal = {Psychological Bulletin}, year = 1998, volume = 2, number = 123, pages = {162--185} }