@Book{ abel_ooi93, editor = {David Abel and Beng Chin Ooi}, title = {Advances in Spatial Databases}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1993, volume = 692, series = {LNCS}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ abelson85, author = {Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman and Julie Sussman}, title = {Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1996, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ abney96, author = {Steven Abney}, title = {Statistical Methods and Linguistics}, editor = {Judith Klavans and Philip Resnik}, booktitle = {The Balancing Act}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1996, pages = {1--26}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, url = {http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/~abney/Abney_95c.ps.gz} } @InProceedings{ abney_schapire_etal99, author = {Steven Abney and Robert E. Schapire and Yoram Singer}, title = {Boosting Applied to Tagging and {PP} Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {38--45}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou} } @Book{ adams75, author = {Ernest W. Adams}, title = {The Logic of Conditionals}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1975, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Booklet{ admoni72, author = {W. Admoni}, title = {Der deutsche {S}prachbau}, address = {Leningrad}, year = 1972, publisher = {Prawes\v{c}enie} } @InProceedings{ adriaens86, author = {Geert Adriaens}, title = {{WEP} (word expert parsing) Revised and Applied to {D}utch}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)}, year = 1986, pages = {222--235} } @InCollection{ agrawala-abrams92, author = {A. Agrawala and M. Abrams}, title = {Computer Systems}, editor = {S. Shapiro}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = 1992, pages = {174--181}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ ahn_jijkoun_etal05, author = {David Ahn and Valentin Jijkoun and Karin M{\"u}ller and Maarten {de Rijke} and Stefan Schlobach and Gilad Mishne}, title = {Making Stone Soup: Evaluating a Recall-Oriented Multi-stream Question Answering System for {D}utch}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {423--434}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Book{ aho_hopcroft_etal74, author = {Alfred V. Aho and John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman}, title = {The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithmus}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1974, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ aikins83, author = {J. S. Aikins}, title = {Prototypical Knowledge for Expert Systems}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1983, volume = 20, number = 2, pages = {199--208} } @Book{ ait-kaci91a, author = {Hassan A\"{\i}t-Kaci}, title = {The {W}arren Abstract Machine: {A} Tutorial Reconstruction}, publisher = {{MIT}-Press}, year = 1991, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ ait-kaci_podelski91, author = {Hassan A\"{\i}t-Kaci and Andreas Podelski}, title = {Towards a Meaning of {LIFE}}, editor = {Jan Maluszy\'{n}ski and Martin Wirsing}, booktitle = {Programming Language Implementation and Logic Programming}, year = 1991, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {255--274}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 528 } @InCollection{ alchourron95, author = {Carlos E. Alchourr\'{o}n}, title = {Defeasable Logics: Demarcation and Affinities}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {67--102}, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ allen83, author = {James F. Allen}, title = {Maintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1983, volume = 26, number = 11, pages = {832--843} } @Article{ allen84, author = {James F. Allen}, title = {Towards a General Theory of Action and Time}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1984, volume = 23, pages = {123--154} } @Book{ allen87, author = {James Allen}, title = {Natural Language Understanding}, publisher = {Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.}, year = 1987, address = {Menlo Park, California} } @Book{ allen_hendler_etal90, author = {J. Allen and J. Hendler and A. Tate}, title = {Readings in Planning}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1990, address = {San Mateo, California} } @InCollection{ allgayer_reddig90, author = {J{\"u}rgen Allgayer and Carola Reddig}, title = {What's in a {'DET'}: Steps towards Determiner-Dependent Inferencing}, editor = {K. Bl{\"a}sius and U. Hedst{\"u}ck and C.-R. Rollinger}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence IV: Methodology, Systems, Applications}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1990, pages = {--}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, bib = {HA TUQ/AIMS} } @InCollection{ allgayer_reddig90b, author = {J{\"u}rgen Allgayer and Carola Reddig-Siekmann}, title = {What {KL-ONE} Lookalikes Need to Cope with Natural Language -- Scope and Aspect of Plural Noun Phrases}, editor = {Karl Hans Bl{\"a}sius and Ulrich Hedtst{\"u}ck and Claus-Rainer Rollinger}, booktitle = {Sorts and Types in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1990, pages = {240--285}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, bib = {HA TUQ/STAI} } @PhDThesis{ amstad78, author = {Toni Amstad}, title = {Wie verst{\"a}ndlich sind unsere Zeitungen?}, school = {Univ. Z{\"u}rich}, year = 1978 } @Book{ anderson_bower73, author = {J. R. Anderson and G. H. Bower}, title = {Human Associative Memory}, publisher = {Winston \& Sons}, year = 1973, address = {Washington D.C., USA} } @Article{ anderson_fishman85, author = {J. R. Anderson and B. Fishman}, title = {The {SMALLTALK} Programming Language}, journal = {Byte}, year = 1985, volume = 10, number = 5, pages = {160--165} } @Article{ andry_fraser_etal92, author = {Fran{\c{c}}ois Andry and Norman M. Fraser and Scott McGlashan and Simon Thornton and Nick J. Youd}, title = {Making {DATR} Work for Speech: Lexicon Compilation in {SUNDIAL}}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 3, pages = {245--267}, month = sep } @Article{ angluin83, author = {D. Angluin and C. H. Smith}, title = {A Survey of Inductive Inference: {T}heory and Methods}, journal = {{ACM} Computing Surveys}, year = 1983, volume = 15, number = 3, pages = {238--269} } @Book{ antoniou_harmelen04, author = {Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen}, title = {A Semantic Web Primer}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 2004, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ aone_bennett96, author = {Chinatsu Aone and Scott William Bennett}, title = {Applying Machine Learning to Anaphora Resolution}, pages = {302--314}, crossref = {wermter_riloff_etal96} } @Article{ apresjan74, author = {Jurij Apresjan}, title = {Regular Polysemy}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = 1974, volume = 142, pages = {5--32} } @Article{ artale_franconi_etal96, author = {Alessandro Artale and Enrico Franconi and Nicola Guarino and Luca Pazzi}, title = {Part-Whole Relations in Object-Centered Systems: An Overview}, journal = {Data Knowledge Engineering}, year = 1996, volume = 20, number = 3, pages = {347--383}, url = {http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/artale96partwhole.html} } @InProceedings{ artale_franconi_etal96b, author = {Alessandro Artale and Enrico Franconi and Nicola Guarino}, title = {Open problems with part-whole relations}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Workshop on Description Logics}, year = 1996, pages = {70--73}, adress = {Boston, Massachusetts}, url = {http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/artale96open.html} } @InCollection{ asher95, author = {Nicholas Asher}, title = {Commonsense Entailment: A Conditional Logic for Some Generics}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {102--145}, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ asher_lascarides98, author = {Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides}, title = {The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition}, journal = {Journal of Semantics}, year = 1998, volume = 15, pages = {239--299}, publisher = {Oxford University Press} } @Article{ asher_lascarides99, author = {Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides}, title = {Bridging}, journal = {Journal of Semantics}, year = 1999, volume = 15, pages = {83--113}, publisher = {Oxford University Press} } @Book{ atkins_zampolli94, editor = {B. T. S. Atkins and A. Zampolli}, title = {Computational Approaches to the Lexicon}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1994, address = {Oxford} } @InProceedings{ azzam_humphreys_etal98, author = {Saliha Azzam and Kevin Humphreys and Robert Gaizauskas}, title = {Evaluating a Focus-Based Approach to Anaphora Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)}, year = 1998, pages = {74--78}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9807001} } @Book{ baader_calvanese_etal04, editor = {F. Baader and D. Calvanese and D. McGuinness and D. Nardi and P. Patel-Schneider}, title = {The Description Logics Handbook}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 2004, address = {Cambridge} } @InProceedings{ baader_kuesters99, author = {F. Baader and R. K{\"u}sters and R. Molitor}, title = {Computing Least Common Subsumers in Description Logics with Existential Restrictions}, editor = {T. Dean}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'99)}, year = 1999, pages = {96--101}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @InProceedings{ baader_kuesters_etal99, author = {Franz Baader and Ralf K{\"u}sters and Ralf Molitor}, title = {Computing {L}east {C}ommon {S}ubsumers in {D}escription {L}ogics with {E}xistential {R}estrictions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-99})}, year = 1999, pages = {96--101} } @TechReport{ baader_molitor_etal98, author = {Franz Baader and Ralf Molitor and Stefan Tobies}, title = {On the Relation between Conceptual Graphs and Description Logics}, institution = {Aachen University of Technology}, year = 1998, number = {LTCS-Report 98-11}, address = {Aachen, Germany} } @Book{ baayen_piepenbrock_etal95, author = {R. Harald Baayen and Richard Piepenbrock and Leon Gulikers}, title = {The {CELEX} Lexical Database. Release 2 ({CD-ROM})}, publisher = {{L}inguistic {D}ata {C}onsortium, University of Pennsylvania}, year = 1995, address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania} } @Article{ bacchus_tenenberg_etal91, author = {F. Bacchus and J. Tenenberg and J. A. Koomen}, title = {A Non-Reified Temporal Logic}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 52, number = 1, pages = {87--108} } @Misc{ baehring_keller_etal99, author = {H. B{\"a}hring and J. Keller and W. Schneewei{\ss}}, title = {Kurs 1707 -- {T}echnische {I}nformatik I}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1999 } @Article{ baker_etal03, author = {C. Baker and Ch. Fillmore and B. Cronin}, title = {The Structure of the {F}rame{N}et Data Base}, journal = {Int. Journal of Lexicography}, year = 2003, volume = 16, number = 3, pages = {281--296} } @InProceedings{ baldwin05, author = {Timothy Baldwin}, title = {Looking for Prepositional Verbs in Corpus Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on the Linguistic Dimensions of Prepositions and their Use in Computational Linguistics Formalisms and Applications}, year = 2005, address = {Colchester, UK}, month = apr } @InProceedings{ baldwin97, author = {Breck Baldwin}, title = {{CogNIAC}: High Precision Coreference with Limited Knowledge and Linguistic Resources}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {38--45}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @InProceedings{ baldwin_morton_etal98, author = {Breck Baldwin and Tom Morton and Amit Bagga and Jason Baldridge and Raman Chandraseker and Alexis Dimitriadis and Kieran Snyder and Magdalena Wolska}, title = {Description of the {UPenn} {CAMP} System as Used for Coreference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}, year = 1998, comment = {no pages because only online?} } @Book{ ballstaedt97, author = {Steffen-Peter Ballstaedt}, title = {Wissensvermittlung: Die Gestaltung von Lernmaterial}, publisher = {Beltz PVU}, year = 1997, address = {Weinheim} } @Book{ ballstaedt_mandl_etal81, author = {Steffen-Peter Ballstaedt and Heinz Mandl and Wolfgang Schnotz and Sigmar-Olaf Tergan}, title = {Texte verstehen, {T}exte gestalten}, publisher = {Urban \& Schwarzenberg}, year = 1981, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InProceedings{ barbier_ligozat05, author = {Vincent Barbier and Anne-Laure Ligozat}, title = {A Syntactic Strategy for Filtering Sentences in a Question Answering System}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2005)}, year = 2005, pages = {--}, address = {Borovets, Bulgaria}, annote = {QA, syntax for reranking candidate sentences} } @Article{ barker_copeck_etal97, author = {Ken Barker and Terry Copeck and Sylvain Delisle and Stan Szpakowicz}, title = {Systematic Construction of a Versatile Case System}, journal = {Natural Language Engineering}, year = 1997, volume = 3, number = 4, pages = {279--315} } @Book{ barr_feigenbaum81, editor = {A. Barr and E.A. Feigenbaum}, title = {The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {William Kaufmann}, year = 1981, volume = 1, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ barr_feigenbaum82, editor = {A. Barr and E.A. Feigenbaum}, title = {The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {William Kaufmann}, year = 1982, volume = 2, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ barth_endres_etal98, editor = {A. Barth and A. Endres and A. de Kemp and M. Breu}, title = {Digital Libraries in Computer Science: {T}he {MeDoc} Approach}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, volume = 1392, series = {LNCS}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ barwise_cooper81, author = {J. Barwise and R. Cooper}, title = {{G}eneralized Quantifiers and Natural Language}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 1981, volume = 4, pages = {159--219} } @InCollection{ basili_candito_etal97, author = {Roberto Basili and Marie-H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Candito and Maria Teresa Pazienza and Paola Velardi}, title = {Evaluating the Information Gain of Probability-Based {PP}-Disambiguation Methods}, pages = {241--255}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @InProceedings{ batori69, author = {Istv{\'a}n B{\'a}tori}, title = {Disambiguating Verbs with Multiple Meaning in the {MT}-System of {IBM} {G}ermany}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 69)}, year = 1969, pages = {}, address = {S{\aa}nga-S{\"a}by, Sweden}, url = {http://www.nodali.sics.se/bibliotek/kval/coling69/} } @TechReport{ batori96, author = {Istv{\'a}n B{\'a}tori}, title = {Die phonologische {R}epr{\"a}sentation in der {UEDB}}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1996, type = {Arbeitspapier}, address = {Koblenz, Germany}, month = aug } @Book{ bauer_wirsing91, author = {Friedrich L. Bauer and Martin Wirsing}, title = {{E}lementare {A}ussagenlogik}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, address = {Berlin}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ baumgartner_furbach_etal07, author = {Peter Baumgartner and Ulrich Furbach and Bj{\"o}rn Pelzer}, title = {Hyper Tableaux with Equality}, editor = {Frank Pfenning}, booktitle = {Automated Deduction -- CADE-21, 21st Int.\ Conf.\ on Automated Deduction}, year = 2007, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 4603, pages = {492--507}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ baumgartner_furbach_etal96, author = {Peter Baumgartner and Ulrich Furbach and Ilkka Niemel{\"a}}, title = {Hyper Tableaux}, editor = {Jos{\'e} J{\'u}lio Alferes and Lu\'{\i}s Moniz Pereira and Ewa Orlowska}, booktitle = {Logics in Artificial Intelligence, European Workshop, JELIA '96}, year = 1996, volume = 1126, pages = {1--17}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ bechhofer_horrocks_etal01, author = {Sean Bechhofer and Ian Horrocks and Carole Goble and Robert Stevens}, title = {OilEd: A Reason-able Ontology Editor for the Semantic Web}, editor = {Franz Baader, Gerhard Brewka and Thomas Eiter}, booktitle = {KI 2001: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 2001, pages = {396--408}, address = {Vienna, Austria}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ becker75, author = {Joseph D. Becker}, title = {Reflections on the formal description of behavior}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {83--102}, address = {New York} } @Misc{ beierle97, author = {Christoph Beierle}, title = {Kurs 1695 -- {D}eduktions- und {I}nferenzsysteme}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1997 } @Misc{ beierle_hanus_etal92, author = {C. Beierle and H. Ganzinger and M. Hanus}, title = {Kurs 1816 -- {L}ogisches und funktionales {P}rogrammieren}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1992 } @Misc{ beierle_helbig03, author = {Christoph Beierle and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1601 -- {F}ormale {G}rundlagen der {I}nformatik}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 2003 } @Misc{ beierle_kern-isberner98, author = {Christoph Beierle and Gabriele Kern-Isberner}, title = {Kurs 1696 -- {W}issensbasierte {S}ysteme}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1998 } @Article{ beierle_pletat_etal93, author = {Christoph Beierle and Udo Pletat and Rudi Studer}, title = {Knowledge Representation for Natural Language Understanding: {T}he {L$_{\mbox{LILOG}}$} Approach}, journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering}, year = 1993, volume = 5, number = 3, pages = {386--401} } @Book{ beierle_pluemer94, editor = {C. Beierle and L. Pl{\"u}mer}, title = {Logic programming: Formal methods and practical applications}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1994, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ bell34, author = {Eric T. Bell}, title = {Exponential Numbers}, journal = {American Mathematical Monthly}, year = 1934, volume = 41, pages = {411--419} } @TechReport{ berberich_etal91, author = {M. Berberich and others}, title = {Expertensystem-{P}rototyp zur {F}ehlerdiagnose und {W}artungsunterst{\"u}tzung}, institution = {{FB1} der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, year = 1991, volume = {KI 3} } @Article{ berger_della-pietra_etal96, author = {Adam L. Berger and Stephen A. {Della Pietra} and Vincent J. {Della Pietra}}, title = {A Maximum Entropy Approach to Natural Language Processing}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1996, volume = 22, number = 1, pages = {39--71}, month = mar } @MastersThesis{ berghaeuser_mertens89, author = {Michael Bergh{\"a}user and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}epr{\"a}sentation von {K}arten und {I}mplementation eines {W}egauskunftssystems}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz}, year = 1989, type = {Studienarbeit}, address = {Koblenz} } @Article{ bergmann_munoz-avila_etal96, author = {Ralph Bergmann and Hector Munoz-Avila and Manuela Veloso}, title = {Fallbasiertes {P}lanen: ausgew{\"a}hlte {M}ethoden und {S}ysteme}, journal = {K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 1996, volume = 10, number = 1, pages = {22--28} } @Book{ berka_kreiser83, author = {Karel Berka and Lothar Kreiser}, title = {Logik-{T}exte -- {K}ommentierte {A}uswahl zur {G}eschichte der modernen {L}ogik}, publisher = {Akademie-{V}erlag}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin}, edition = 3 } @Article{ bernauer96, author = {J. Bernauer}, title = {Analysis of part-whole relation and subsumption in the medical domain}, journal = {Data and Knowledge Engineering}, year = 1996, volume = 20, pages = {405--415} } @InProceedings{ bernth97, author = {Arendse Bernth}, title = {Easy{E}nglish: a Tool for Improving Document Quality}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP'96)}, year = 1997, pages = {159--165}, address = {Washington D.C.} } @Article{ berry_dumais_etal95a, author = {Michael W. Berry and Susan T. Dumais and Gavin W. O'Brien}, title = {Using linear algebra for intelligent information retrieval}, journal = {SIAM Review}, year = 1995, volume = 4, number = 37, pages = {573--595} } @InProceedings{ berry_dumais_etal95b, author = {Michael W. Berry and Susan T. Dumais and Todd A. Letsche}, title = {Computational Methods for Intelligent Information Access}, booktitle = {Supercomputing '95: Proceedings of the 1995 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing (CD-ROM)}, year = 1995, isbn = {0-89791-816-9}, adress = {San Diego, California}, annote = {url http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/224170.285569} } @Book{ bertsimas_tsitsiklis97, author = {Dimitris Bertsimas and John N. Tsitsiklis}, title = {Introduction to Linear Optimization}, publisher = {Athena Scientific}, year = 1997, address = {Belmont, USA} } @Book{ bibel92, author = {Wolfgang Bibel}, title = {Deduktion}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1992, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @TechReport{ biemann03, author = {Christian Biemann}, title = {Evaluationsbericht {NLI-Z39.50}}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Leipzig, Fakult{\"a}t f{\"u}r Mathematik und Informatik, Abteilung Automatische Sprachverarbeitung}, year = 2003 } @InCollection{ biemann_osswald05, author = {Chris Biemann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {{A}utomatische {E}rweiterung eines semantikbasierten {L}exikons durch {B}ootstrapping auf gro{\ss}en {K}orpora}, editor = {Bernhard Fisseni and Hans-Christian Schmitz and Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Petra Wagner}, booktitle = {Sprachtechnologie, mobile Kommunikation und linguistische {R}essourcen -- Beitr{\"a}ge zur GLDV-Tagung 2005 in Bonn}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 2005, pages = {15--27}, address = {Frankfurt am Main} } @InCollection{ biemann_osswald06, author = {Chris Biemann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Automatic Extension of Feature-based Semantic Lexicons via Contextual Attributes}, editor = {M. Spiliopoulou and R. Kruse and C. Borgelt and A. N{\"u}rnberger and W. Gaul}, booktitle = {From Data and Information Analysis to Knowledge Engineering -- Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the {G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {K}lassifikation}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, series = {Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization}, pages = {326--333}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ bierwisch70, author = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {Eine {H}ierarchie der syntaktisch-semantischen {M}erkmale}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1970, volume = {V}, series = {Studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ bierwisch80, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {Psychologische Effekte sprachlicher Strukturkomponenten}, publisher = {Wilhelm Fink}, year = 1980, series = {Patholinguistica}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, number = 9 } @InCollection{ bierwisch83, author = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {{S}emantische und konzeptuelle {R}e\-pr{\"a}\-sentation lexikalischer {E}inheiten}, editor = {Rudolf R\r{u}\v{z}i\v{c}ka and Wolfgang Motsch}, booktitle = {Untersuchungen zur Semantik}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1983, series = {Studia grammatica XXII}, pages = {61--99}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {PI 7 Kopie} } @InCollection{ bierwisch88, author = {Manfred Bierwisch}, title = {On the Grammar of Local Prepositions}, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Wolfgang Motsch and Ilse Zimmermann}, booktitle = {Syntax, Semantik und Lexikon}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1988, volume = {{XXIX}}, series = {Studia grammatica}, pages = {1--65}, address = {Berlin} } @Proceedings{ bierwisch_bosch95, title = {Semantic and conceptual knowledge}, year = 1995, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Peter Bosch}, address = {Stuttgart}, publisher = {{U}niversit{\"a}t {S}tuttgart, {Sonderforschungsbereich 340}}, annote = {{P}rimer-1} } @Book{ bierwisch_lang87, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Ewald Lang}, title = {Grammatische und konzeptuelle {A}spekte von {D}imensionsadjektiven}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1987, volume = {{26/27}}, series = {studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ bierwisch_motsch_etal88, editor = {Manfred Bierwisch and Wolfgang Motsch and Ilse Zimmermann}, title = {Syntax, Semantik und Lexikon}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1988, volume = {{XXIX}}, series = {studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ blaesius_buerckert87, editor = {K. H. Bl{\"a}sius and H.-J. B{\"u}rckert}, title = {Deduktionssysteme -- {A}utomatisierung des logischen {D}enkens}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1987, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ blau78, author = {Ulrich Blau}, title = {Die dreiwertige Logik der Sprache}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1978, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ boas05, author = {Hans C. Boas}, title = {From Theory to Practice: Frame Semantics and the Design of {F}rame{Net}}, editor = {Stefan Langer and Daniel Schnorbusch}, booktitle = {Semantik im Lexikon}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 2005, number = 479, series = {T{\"u}binger {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur {L}inguistik}, pages = {129--159}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InCollection{ bobrow75, author = {D. G. Bobrow}, title = {Dimensions of Representation}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {1--34}, address = {New York}, bib = {E?} } @InCollection{ bobrow_brown75, author = {R. J. Bobrow and J. S. Brown}, title = {Systematic Understanding: {S}ynthesis, Analysis and Contingent Knowledge in Specialized Understanding Systems}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {103--129}, address = {New York} } @Book{ bobrow_collins75, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, title = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, address = {New York} } @Article{ bobrow_etal77, author = {D.G. Bobrow and others}, title = {{GUS}, a Frame Driven Dialog System}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1977, volume = 8, number = 2, pages = {155--173} } @Article{ bobrow_hayes_etal83a, author = {D.G. Bobrow and P.J. Hayes and J. Pearl}, title = {Special Issue on Search and Heuristics}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1983, volume = 21 } @InCollection{ bobrow_norman75, author = {D. G. Bobrow and D. A. Norman}, title = {Some principles of memory schemata}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {131--150}, address = {New York} } @Book{ bobrow_stefik83, author = {D. G. Bobrow and M. Stefik}, title = {The {LOOPS} Manual}, publisher = {Xerox Parc}, year = 1983, address = {Palo Alto}, month = dec } @Article{ bobrow_winograd77, author = {D. G. Bobrow and T. Winograd}, title = {An Overview of {KRL}}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, year = 1977, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {3--46} } @Book{ bochenski75, author = {M. Boche\'{n}ski}, title = {Die zeitgen{\"o}ssischen Denkmethoden}, publisher = {Franke Verlag}, year = 1975, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Article{ boettger84, author = {H. B{\"o}ttger}, title = {Inferential Information Retrieval over an extended Semantic Network}, journal = {Computers and {AI}}, year = 1984, volume = 3, number = 2, pages = {115--126}, address = {Bratislava} } @InCollection{ boettger_helbig_etal91, author = {M. B{\"o}ttger and Hermann Helbig and F. Ficker and F. Z{\"a}nker}, title = {Parallelen zwischen den {K}omponenten des nat{\"u}rlichsprachlichen {I}nterfaces {NLI-AIDOS} und dem zugrundeliegenden {I}nformationsrecherchesystem}, editor = {W. Brauer and D. Hernandez}, booktitle = {Verteilte K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz und kooperatives Arbeiten: 4. Internationaler GI-Kongre\ss{} Wissensbasierte Systeme, Proc.}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, pages = {207--218}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ boguraev_briscoe89, editor = {Branimir Boguraev and Ted Briscoe}, title = {Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Longman}, year = 1989, address = {London} } @InProceedings{ boguraev_etal88, author = {B. Boguraev and others}, title = {Software Support for Practical Grammar Development}, booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 88)}, year = 1988, pages = {54--58}, address = {Budapest} } @Book{ boguraev_pustejovsky96, editor = {Branimir Boguraev and James Pustejovsky}, title = {Corpus Processing for Lexical Acquisition}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1996, series = {Language, Speech, and Communication}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ boitet_etal82, author = {Ch. Boitet and others}, title = {Implementation and Conversational Environment of {ARIANE} 78.4}, booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 82)}, year = 1982, pages = {19--27}, address = {Prag}, organization = {Academia Pragy} } @Book{ bolc_cytowsky92, author = {L. Bolc and J. Cytowsky}, title = {Search methods for artificial intelligence}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1992, address = {London} } @Book{ boles_etal97, author = {Dietrich Boles et al.}, title = {The MeDoc System - a Distributed Digital Library Facility}, publisher = {this volume}, year = 1997 } @InCollection{ bonnet84, author = {A. Bonnet}, title = {Strategies for Understanding Structured {E}nglish}, editor = {B. G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe}, booktitle = {Rule based expert systems. The MYCIN experiments of the Stanford heuristic programming project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, pages = {613--634}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @PhDThesis{ boose84, author = {J. H. Boose}, title = {Personal construct theory and the transfer of human expertise}, school = {Univ. Washington: Computer Science Dept.}, year = 1984 } @Book{ booth67, author = {Taylor L. Booth}, title = {{S}equential {M}achines and {A}utomata {T}heory}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, year = 1967, address = {New York, London, Sydney}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ borgman96, author = {Christine L. Borgman}, title = {Why are Online Catalogs \emph{still} Hard to Use?}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science}, year = 1996, volume = 47, number = 7, pages = {493--503}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ bos05, author = {Johan Bos}, title = {Towards Wide-Coverage Semantic Interpretation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Computational Semantics (IWCS 6)}, year = 2005, pages = {42--53} } @InProceedings{ bos_nissim06, author = {Johan Bos and Malvina Nissim}, title = {Cross-Lingual Question Answering by Answer Translation}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, cross-language by answer translation, works on DRS, deep QA} } @InProceedings{ bouma90, author = {Gosse Bouma}, title = {Defaults in Unification Grammar}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1990, pages = {165--172} } @Article{ bouma92, author = {Gosse Bouma}, title = {Feature Structures and Nonmonotonicity}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 2, pages = {183--203}, month = jun } @Article{ bouma_fahmi_etal05, author = {Gosse Bouma and Ismail Fahmi and Jori Mur and Gertjan {van Noord} and Lonneke {van der Plas} and J{\"o}rg Tiedemann}, title = {Linguistic Knowledge and Question Answering}, journal = {Traitement Automatique des Langues}, year = 2005, volume = 46, number = 2, pages = {15--39}, annote = {Joost, syntactic deep QA} } @InCollection{ bouma_fahmi_etal07, author = {Gosse Bouma and Ismail Fahmi and Jori Mur and Gertjan {van Noord} and Lonneke {van der Plas} and J{\"o}rg Tiedemann}, title = {Using Syntactic Knowledge for {QA}}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {318--327}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1}, annote = {Joost, syntactic deep QA} } @InProceedings{ bouma_kloosterman_etal07, author = {Gosse Bouma and Geert Kloosterman and Jori Mur and Gertjan {van Noord} and Lonneke {van der Plas} and J{\"o}rg Tiedemann}, title = {Question Answering with {Joost} at {CLEF} 2007}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary}, annote = {Joost, syntactic deep QA} } @InProceedings{ bowden_olteanu_etal06, author = {Mitchell Bowden and Marian Olteanu and Pasin Suriyentrakorn and Jonathan Clark and Dan Moldovan}, title = {{LCC's} {PowerAnswer} at {QA@CLEF} 2006}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, cross-language by translating all documents and answer alignment} } @InProceedings{ bowden_olteanu_etal07, author = {Mitchell Bowden and Marian Olteanu and Pasin Suriyentrakorn and Thomas d'Silva and Dan Moldovan}, title = {Multilingual Question Answering through Intermediate Translation: {LCC's} {PowerAnswer} at {QA@CLEF} 2007}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary} } @TechReport{ brachman78, author = {Ronald J. Brachman}, title = {Structured inheritance networks}, institution = {Bolt Beranek \& Newman}, year = 1978, number = {No. 3742}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, bib = {PI7} } @InCollection{ brachman79, author = {Ronald J. Brachman}, title = {On the Epistemological Status of Semantic Networks}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks -- Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {3--50}, address = {New York} } @Article{ brachman83, author = {Ronald J. Brachman}, title = {What {IS-A} is and Isn't: An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks}, journal = {IEEE Computer}, year = 1983, volume = 16, number = 10, pages = {30--36} } @Book{ brachman_levesque85, editor = {Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque}, title = {Readings in knowledge representation}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1985, address = {Los Altos} } @InCollection{ brachman_mcguinness_etal91, author = {Ronald J. Brachman and D. McGuinness and P. Patel-Schneider and L. Resnick and A. Borgida}, title = {Living with {CLASSIC}: When and how to use a {KL-ONE}-like language}, booktitle = {Principles of Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1991, pages = {401--456}, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Article{ brachman_schmolze85, author = {Ronald J. Brachman and J. G. Schmolze}, title = {An Overview of the {KL-ONE} Knowledge Representation System}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, year = 1985, volume = 9, number = 2, pages = {171--216} } @Book{ bratko86, author = {Ivan Bratko}, title = {{PROLOG} -- {P}rogrammierung f{\"u}r {K\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1986, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ bresnan01, author = {Joan W. Bresnan}, title = {Lexical-Functional Syntax}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = 2001, address = {Oxford, England} } @InProceedings{ brill_resnik94, author = {Eric Brill and Philip Resnik}, title = {A Rule-Based Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment Disambiguation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 94)}, year = 1994, pages = {1198--1204} } @Book{ brillouin62, author = {Leon Brillouin}, title = {Science and Information Theory}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1962, address = {New York}, edition = 2, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ brinkmann71, author = {H. Brinkmann}, title = {{D}ie deutsche {S}prache}, publisher = {P{\"a}dagogischer Verlag Schwann}, year = 1971, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, language = {de} } @InCollection{ briscoe91, author = {E. J. Briscoe}, title = {Lexical issues in natural language processing}, editor = {E. Klein and F. Veltman}, booktitle = {Natural Language and Speech}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, pages = {39--68}, address = {Berlin, Germany} } @InCollection{ briscoe93, author = {Ted Briscoe}, title = {Introduction}, pages = {1--12}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @InProceedings{ briscoe_carroll97, author = {Ted Briscoe and John Carroll}, title = {Automatic Extraction of Subcategorization from Corpora}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)}, year = 1997, address = {Washington D.C., USA}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9702002} } @InProceedings{ briscoe_copestake_etal90, author = {Ted Briscoe and Ann Copestake and Bran Boguraev}, title = {Enjoy the Paper: {L}exical Semantics via Lexicology}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 90)}, year = 1990, volume = 2, pages = {42--47}, address = {Helsinki, Finland} } @Book{ briscoe_copestake_etal93, editor = {Ted Briscoe and Ann Copestake and Valeria de Paiva}, title = {Inheritance, Defaults, and the Lexicon}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1993, series = {Studies in Natural Language Processing}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InProceedings{ broeker_dipper99, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Stefanie Dipper}, title = {{D}ie {K}onstruktion von {L}exika f{\"u}r die maschinelle syntaktische {A}nalyse}, editor = {Jost Gippert and Peter Olivier}, booktitle = {Multilinguale Corpora - Codierung, Strukturierung, Analyse -- 11. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Linguistische Datenverarbeitung}, year = 1999, pages = {159--168}, address = {Prague}, publisher = {Enigma} } @InProceedings{ broeker_hahn_etal93, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Udo Hahn and Susanne Schacht}, title = {Ein {P}l{\"a}doyer f{\"u}r {P}erformanzgrammatiken}, booktitle = {Proceedings der 4.~Fachtagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft}, year = 1993, pages = {6--11} } @InProceedings{ broeker_hahn_etal94, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Udo Hahn and Susanne Schacht}, title = {Concurrent Lexicalized Dependency Parsing: {T}he {ParseTalk} Model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 94)}, year = 1994, pages = {379--385} } @InCollection{ broeker_strube_etal97, author = {Norbert Br{\"o}ker and Michael Strube and Susanne Schacht and Udo Hahn}, title = {Coarse-Grained Parallelism in Natural Language Understanding: Parsing as Message Passing}, pages = {301--317}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @InProceedings{ brooks81, author = {R. A. Brooks}, title = {Symbolic Reasoning among 3d-Objects and 2d-Models}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {619--624}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ brooks85, author = {R. A. Brooks}, title = {Programming in Common {LISP}}, publisher = {John Wiley}, year = 1985, address = {New York} } @Article{ brooks91, author = {Rodney A. Brooks}, title = {Intelligence Without Representation}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 47, pages = {139--159} } @Article{ brown_pietra_etal93, author = {Peter F. Brown and Vincent J. Della Pietra and Stephen A. Della Pietra and Robert L Mercer}, title = {The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1993, volume = 19, number = 2, pages = {263--311} } @Article{ brown_tong_etal83, author = {H. Brown and C. Tong and G. Foyster}, title = {{PALLADIO}: An Exploratory Environment for Circuit Design}, journal = {IEEE Computer}, year = 1983, volume = 12, pages = {41--55} } @Book{ brownston_farrell_etal85, author = {L. Brownston and R. Farrell and E. Kant and N. Martin}, title = {Programming Expert Systems in {OPS 5}: {A}n Introduction to Rule-based Programming}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1985, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ broy95, author = {Manfred Broy}, title = {{I}nformatik. {E}ine grundlegende {E}inf{\"u}hrung. {T}eil {IV}: {T}heoretische {I}nformatik, {A}lgorithmen und {D}atenstrukturen, {L}ogikprogrammierung, {O}bjektorientierung}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1995, address = {Berlin}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ bruce75, author = {B. Bruce}, title = {Case Systems for Natural Language}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1975, volume = 6, number = 4, pages = {327--360} } @MastersThesis{ brueck01, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck}}, title = {Wissensverarbeitung und Inferenz f{\"u}r Geb{\"a}udenavigation}, school = {Universit{\"a}t des Saarlandes}, year = 2001, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @InProceedings{ brueck_busemann06, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Stephan Busemann}, title = {Automatic Error Correction for Tree-Mapping Grammars}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {1--8}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, annote = {editor: Miriam Butt}, isbn = {3-89318-050-8} } @Article{ brueck_busemann07, author = {Tim vor der Br{\"u}ck, Stephan Busemann}, title = {Suggesting Error Corrections of Path Expressions and Categories for Tree-Mapping Grammars}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft}, year = 2007, volume = 26, number = 2 } @InCollection{ brueck_hartrumpf07, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {A Semantically Oriented Readability Checker for {G}erman}, editor = {Zygmunt Vetulani}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Language \& Technology Conference}, publisher = {Wydawnictwo Pozna{\'n}skie}, year = 2007, pages = {270--274}, address = {Pozna{\'n}, Poland}, month = oct, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/brueck_hartrumpf07_online.pdf} , isbn = {978-83-7177-407-2} } @InCollection{ brueck_leveling07, author = {Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck} and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Parameter Learning for a Readability Checking Tool}, editor = {Alexander Hinneburg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the LWA 2007 (Lernen-Wissen-Adaption), Workshop KDML}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, year = 2007, address = {Halle/Saale, Germany}, isbn = {978-3-86010-907-6}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/brueck_leveling07.pdf} } @InProceedings{ brueggemann-klein_cyranek_etal95, author = {A. Br{\"u}ggemann-Klein and G. Cyranek and A. Endres}, title = {Die Fachlichen {I}nformations- und {P}ublikationsdienste der {Z}ukunft. {E}ine {I}nitative der {GI}}, editor = {F. Huber-W{\"a}sche}, booktitle = {Proc. GISI-95}, year = 1995, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @Article{ buchanan_feigenbaum78, author = {B. G. Buchanan and E. A. Feigenbaum}, title = {{DENDRAL} and {META} {DENDRAL}: Their Applications Dimensions}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1978, volume = 11, number = {1/2}, pages = {5--24} } @Book{ buchanan_shortliffe84, author = {Bruce G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe}, title = {Rule-Based Expert Systems: {T}he {MYCIN} Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ buchholz01, author = {Sabine Buchholz}, title = {Using Grammatical Relations, Answer Frequencies and the World Wide Web for {TREC} Question Answering}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {502--509} } @InProceedings{ buchholz_daelemans01, author = {Sabine Buchholz and Walter Daelemans}, title = {{SHAPAQA}: {S}hallow Parsing for Question Answering on the World Wide Web}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {47--51}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep } @MastersThesis{ buergle05, author = {Michaela B{\"u}rgle}, title = {{K}onzeption und {R}ealisierung einer {XML}-basierten {D}arstellung f{\"u}r das {C}omputerlexikon {HaGenLex}}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2005, type = {Bachelor's Thesis}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = apr } @PhDThesis{ buitelaar98, author = {Paul Buitelaar}, title = {{CoreLex}: Systematic Polysemy and Underspecification}, school = {Brandeis University}, year = 1998, address = {Waltham, Massachusetts}, month = feb } @InCollection{ buitelaar98b, author = {Paul Buitelaar}, title = {{CoreLex}: An Ontology of Systematic Polysemous Classes}, editor = {Nicola Guarino}, booktitle = {Formal Ontology in Information Systems. Proceedings of FOIS'98}, publisher = {IOS Press}, year = 1998, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ bunge87, author = {Mario Bunge}, title = {Kausalit{\"a}t, Geschichte und Probleme}, publisher = {J.C.B. Mohr}, year = 1987, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Article{ bushnell_director87, author = {M. L. Bushnell and W. S. Director}, title = {{ULYSSES} - a knowledge based {VLSI} design environment}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence Engineering}, year = 1987, volume = 2, number = 1, pages = {33--41} } @Book{ bussmann90, author = {Hadumod Bu{\ss}mann}, title = {Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft}, publisher = {Kr{\"o}ner}, year = 1990, address = {Stuttgart}, edition = 2 } @Book{ bussmann96, author = {Hadumod Bu{\ss}mann}, title = {Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = 1996, address = {London} } @Book{ byrne_johnson-laird91, author = {Ruth M. J. Byrne and Philip N. Johnson-Laird}, title = {Deduction. {E}ssays in Cognitive Science and Psychology}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, year = 1991, address = {Hillsdale} } @Article{ byron01, author = {Donna K. Byron}, title = {The Uncommon Denominator: A Proposal for Consistent Reporting of Pronoun Resolution Results}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {569--577}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ byron_tetreault99, author = {Donna K. Byron and Joel R. Tetreault}, title = {A Flexible Architecture for Reference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'99)}, year = 1999, pages = {229--232} } @InProceedings{ cardie_wagstaff99, author = {Claire Cardie and Kiri Wagstaff}, title = {Noun Phrase Coreference as Clustering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {82--89}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou} } @Book{ carlson_pelletier95, editor = {Gregory N. Carlson and Francis J. Pelletier}, title = {The Generic Book}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1995, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ carnap47, author = {R. Carnap}, title = {Meaning and Necessity}, publisher = {Chicago University Press}, year = 1947, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ carnap69, author = {R. Carnap}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {P}ilosophie der {N}aturwissenschaft}, publisher = {Nymphenburger}, year = 1969, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ carpenter92, author = {Bob Carpenter}, title = {The Logic of Typed Feature Structures}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1992, series = {Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ carpenter93, author = {Bob Carpenter}, title = {Skeptical and Credulous Default Unification with Applications to Templates and Inheritance}, pages = {13--37}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @InProceedings{ carpuat_su_etal04, author = {Marine Carpuat and Weifeng Su and Dekai Wu}, title = {Augmenting ensemble classification for word sense disambiguation with a Kernel PCA model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Senseval-3, Third International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems}, year = 2004, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, publisher = {SIGLEX, Association for Computational Linguistics} } @InProceedings{ cassan_figueira_etal06, author = {Ad{\'a}n Cassan and Helena Figueira and Andr{\'e} Martins and Afonso Mendes and Pedro Mendes and Cl{\'a}udia Pinto and Daniel Vidal}, title = {{Priberam's} Question Answering System in a Cross-Language Environment}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, Portuguese and Spanish} } @Book{ castell_drieschner_etal77, editor = {L. Castell and M. Drieschner and C. F. v. Weizs{\"a}cker}, title = {Quantum Theory and the Structure of Time and Space, II}, publisher = {Hanser}, year = 1977, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @TechReport{ cercone75, author = {Nick Cercone}, title = {Representing Natural Language in Extended Semantic Networks}, institution = {Department of Computer Science, The University of Alberta}, year = 1975, number = {TR75-11}, address = {Edmonton, Canada}, month = jul, bib = {PI7} } @Manual{ ces00, author = {Nancy Ide and Greg Priest-Dorman and Jean V{\'e}ronis}, title = {{XCES} -- Corpus Encoding Standard for {XML}}, year = 2000, annote = {\url{http://www.cs.vassar.edu/XCES/}}, url = {http://www.cs.vassar.edu/XCES/} } @Manual{ ces96, author = {Nancy Ide and Greg Priest-Dorman and Jean V{\'e}ronis}, title = {Corpus Encoding Standard}, year = 1996, annote = {\url{http://www.cs.vassar.edu/CES/}}, url = {http://www.cs.vassar.edu/CES/} } @Article{ cesarini_soda91, author = {F. Cesarini and G. Soda}, title = {A Dynamic Hash Method with Signature}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Database Systems}, year = 1991, volume = 16, number = 2, pages = {309--337}, month = jun } @Book{ chafe76, author = {W. Chafe}, title = {{B}edeutung und {S}prachstruktur}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1976, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ chaffin_herrmann88, author = {R. Chaffin and D. J. Herrmann}, title = {The Nature of Semantic Relations: a Comparison of Two Approaches}, editor = {M. Evens}, booktitle = {Relational Models of the Lexicon -- Representing Knowledge in Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1988, chapter = 13, pages = {289--334}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ chaib-draa92, author = {B. Chaib-draa}, title = {Distributed Artificial Intelligence: an Annotated Bibliography}, journal = {{SIGART} Bulletin}, year = 1992, volume = 3, number = 3 } @Book{ chall_dale95, author = {Jeanne Chall and Edgar Dale}, title = {Readability Revisited: The New Dale-Chall Readability Formula}, publisher = {Brookline Books}, year = 1995, address = {Brookline, Massachusetts} } @Article{ chandrasekar_srinivas97, author = {Raman Chandrasekar and Bangalore Srinivas}, title = {Automatic Induction of Rules for Text Simplification}, journal = {Knowledge-Based Systems}, year = 1997, volume = 10, pages = {183--190} } @Article{ chandrasekaran_josephson_etal99, author = {B. Chandrasekaran and J. R. Josephson and V. R. Benjamins}, title = {What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them}, journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems}, year = 1999, volume = 14, number = 1, pages = {20--26} } @Book{ chang_lee73, author = {Chin-Liang Chang and Richard Char-Tung Lee}, title = {Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1973, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ chaudhri_murray_etal04, author = {Vinay K. Chaudhri and Kenneth S. Murray and John Pacheco and Peter Clark and Bruce W. Porter and Patrick J. Hayes}, title = {Graph-Based Acquisition of Expressive Knowledge}, booktitle = {EKAW}, year = 2004, pages = {231--247} } @InProceedings{ chein_mugnier97, author = {Michel Chein and Marie-Laure Mugnier}, title = {Positive Nested Conceptual Graphs}, editor = {Dickson Lukose and Harry Delugach and Mary Keeler and Leroy Searle and John F. Sowa}, booktitle = {Conceptual Structures: Fulfilling Peirce's Dream (Fifth International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'97)}, year = 1997, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {95--109}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1257 } @Article{ chen76, author = {P. P. S. Chen}, title = {The Entity-Relatonship Model - towards a Unified View of Data}, journal = {{ACM} Transactions on Data Base Systems}, year = 1976, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {9--36} } @Article{ chomsky56, author = {N. Chomsky}, title = {Three Models for the Description of Language}, journal = {{IRE} Transactions on Information Theory}, year = 1956, volume = 2, pages = {113--124} } @Book{ chomsky65, author = {Noam Chomsky}, title = {Aspects of the Theory of Syntax}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1965, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ chomsky81, author = {Noam Chomsky}, title = {Lectures on Government and Binding}, publisher = {Foris}, year = 1981, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ christmann, author = {Ursula Christmann}, title = {Modelle der Textverarbeitung: Textbeschreibung als Textverstehen}, publisher = {Aschendorff}, year = 1989, address = {M{\"u}nster} } @Article{ church_patil82, author = {Kenneth Church and Ramesh Patil}, title = {Coping with Syntactic Ambiguity or How to Put the Block in the Box on the Table}, journal = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics}, year = 1982, volume = 8, number = {3--4}, pages = {139--149}, keywords = {augmented transition network, context-free grammar, formal specification, parsing, structural ambiguity} } @Unpublished{ clahsen04, author = {Harald Clahsen}, title = {Linguistic Perspectives on Morphological Processing}, year = 2004, note = {Unpublished} } @InCollection{ clahsen_sonnenstuhl_etal03, author = {Harald Clahsen and Ingrid Sonnenstuhl and James P. Blevins}, title = {Derivational Morphology in the {G}erman Mental Lexicon: A Dual-Mechanism Account}, editor = {H. Baayen and R. Schreuder}, booktitle = {Morphological Structure in Language Processing}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 2003, pages = {125--155}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ clark77, author = {Herbert H. Clark}, title = {Bridging}, editor = {Philip N. Johnson-Laird and Peter C. Wason}, booktitle = {Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1977, pages = {411--420}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ clark_mccabe79, author = {K. L. Clark and F. McCabe}, title = {The Control Facilities of {IC-PROLOG}}, booktitle = {Expert systems in the micro electronic age}, publisher = {Edinburgh University Press}, year = 1979, pages = {122--149}, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland} } @Book{ clarke_mccabe84, author = {K. L. Clarke and F. G. McCabe}, title = {Micro-{PROLOG}: Programming in logic}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1984, address = {Englewood Cliffs} } @InProceedings{ clematide03, author = {Simon Clematide}, title = {{G}erma{N}et und {U}ni{N}et: {A}nkn{\"u}pfen an semantische {N}etze}, editor = {Claudia Kunze and Lothar Lemnitzer and Andreas Wagner}, booktitle = {GermaNet-Workshop ''Anwendungen des deutsches Wortnetzes in Theorie und Praxis''}, year = 2003, pages = {114--119}, publisher = {Seminar f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft / Abteilung Computerlinguistik, T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ cleverdon_mills_keen66, author = {Cyril W. Cleverdon and Jack Mills and Michael Keen}, title = {Factors Determining the Performance of Indexing Systems. {Vol. 1} - {D}esign. {ASLIB} {C}ranfield {P}roject}, institution = {Cranfield, UK}, year = 1966, type = {Technical {R}eport} } @InCollection{ clifton_ferreira87, author = {Charles Clifton and Fernanda Ferreira}, title = {Discourse Structure and Anaphora: Some Experimental Results}, editor = {Max Coltheart}, booktitle = {Attention and Performance}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1987, volume = 12, pages = {777--793}, address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey} } @Misc{ clinger91, author = {W. Clinger and J. Rees}, title = {The revised 4 report on the algorithmic language Scheme}, year = 1991, text = {William Clinger and Jonathan A. Rees, editors. The revised 4 report on the algorithmic language {S}cheme. Lisp Pointers 4(3), ACM, 1991.} } @Book{ clocksin_mellish81, author = {W. F. Clocksin and C. S. Mellish}, title = {Programming in {PROLOG}}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1981, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ codasyl78, author = {{CODASYL}}, title = {Report of the {D}ata {D}escription {L}anguage {C}ommitee}, journal = {Journal of Development}, year = 1978, month = jan, address = {Ottawa} } @Article{ codd70, author = {E. F. Codd}, title = {A Relational Model for Large Shared Data Banks}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1970, volume = 13, pages = {377--387} } @Book{ cohen_feigenbaum83, editor = {P. R. Cohen and E. A. Feigenbaum}, title = {The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {William Kaufmann}, year = 1983, volume = 3, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ cohen_howe88, author = {Paul R. Cohen and Adele Howe}, title = {How Evaluation Guides {AI} Research}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = 1988, volume = 9, number = 4, pages = {35--43} } @Article{ collins-thompson_callan05, author = {Kevyn Collins-Thompson and Jamie Callan}, title = {Predicting Reading Difficulty with Statistical Language Models}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology}, year = 2005, volume = 56, number = 13, pages = {1448--1462} } @InProceedings{ collins_brooks95, author = {Michael Collins and James Brooks}, title = {Prepositional Phrase Attachment through a Backed-Off Model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora (WVLC-3)}, year = 1995, pages = {27--38}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, annote = {\url{http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9506021}}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9506021} } @InCollection{ condon_thompson82, author = {J. H. Condon and K. Thompson}, title = {Belle Chess Hardware}, editor = {M. R. B. Clarke}, booktitle = {Advances in Computer Chess}, publisher = {Pergamon Press}, year = 1982, volume = {III}, pages = {45--54}, address = {Oxford} } @InProceedings{ connolly_burger_etal94, author = {Dennis Connolly and John D. Burger and David S. Day}, title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Anaphoric Reference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP)}, year = 1994, pages = {255--261}, address = {Manchester, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ connolly_burger_etal97, author = {Dennis Connolly and John D. Burger and David S. Day}, title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Anaphoric Reference}, pages = {133--144}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @Book{ conrad78, author = {R. Conrad}, title = {Studien zur {S}yntax und {S}emantik von {F}rage und {A}ntwort}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1978, volume = {{XIX}}, series = {Studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ conrad85, author = {R. Conrad}, title = {Lexikon sprachwissenschaftlicher Termini}, publisher = {Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1985, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ copestake92, author = {Ann Copestake}, title = {The {ACQUILEX LKB}: representation issues in semi-automatic acquistion of large lexicons}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing ({ANLP}-92)}, year = 1992, pages = {88--96}, address = {Trento} } @InCollection{ copestake93, author = {Ann Copestake}, title = {Defaults in Lexical Representation}, pages = {223--245}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @TechReport{ copestake93b, author = {Ann Copestake}, title = {The Compleat {LKB}}, institution = {Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge}, year = 1993, type = {Technical Report}, number = 316, address = {Cambridge, England}, month = aug } @InCollection{ copestake_sanfilippo_etal93, author = {Ann Copestake and Antonio Sanfilippo and Ted Briscoe and Valeria de Paiva}, title = {The {ACQUILEX} {LKB}: {A}n Introduction}, pages = {148--163}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @Manual{ cornell-university97, title = {NCSTRL-URL}, organization = {Cornell University}, year = 1997, url = {http://www.ncstrl.org/Dienst/htdocs/Info/faq.html}, key = {Cornell University} } @Book{ cornell_horstmann96, author = {Gary Cornell and Cay S. Horstmann}, title = {Java bis ins Detail (Core Java)}, publisher = {Heise}, year = 1996, address = {Hannover} } @Book{ covington94, author = {Michael A. Covington}, title = {Natural Language Processing for Prolog Programmers}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1994, address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey} } @InCollection{ crain_steedman85, author = {Stephen Crain and Mark Steedman}, title = {On not being led up the garden path: the use of context by the psychological syntax processor}, pages = {320--358}, crossref = {dowty_karttunen_etal85} } @Book{ crocco_farinas_etal95, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, title = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, address = {Oxford}, number = 5 } @InBook{ crocco_farinas_etal95b, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, title = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, chapter = {1, Introduction}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, address = {Oxford} } @Book{ crocker96, author = {Matthew W. Crocker}, title = {Computational Psycholinguistics}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1996, volume = 20, series = {Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ cruse95, author = {D. A. Cruse}, title = {Polysemy and related phenomena from a cognitive linguistic point of view}, editor = {Patrick Saint-Dizier and Evelyne Viegas}, booktitle = {Computational Lexical Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1995, pages = {33--49}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ cummings_benson_etal85, author = {J. L. Cummings and D. F. Benson and M. A. Hill}, title = {Aphasia in Dementia of the {A}lzheimer Type}, journal = {Neurology}, year = 1985, volume = 29, pages = {315--323} } @InProceedings{ cunningham_veale91, author = {P{\'a}draig Cunningham and Tony Veale}, title = {Organizational Issues Arising from the Integration of the Lexicon and Concept Network in a Text Understanding System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 2, pages = {986--991} } @InProceedings{ cyre98, author = {Walling R. Cyre}, title = {Executing Conceptual Graphs}, editor = {Marie-Laure Mugnier and Michel Chein}, booktitle = {Conceptual Structures: Theory, Tools and Applications (6th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'98)}, year = 1998, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {51--64}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1453 } @InCollection{ daelemans95, author = {Walter Daelemans}, title = {Memory-Based Lexical Acquisition and Processing}, editor = {Petra Steffens}, booktitle = {Machine Translation and the Lexicon}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1995, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 898}, pages = {85--98}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://pcger40.uia.ac.be/walter/papers/mltagging.ps} } @InCollection{ daelemans99, author = {Walter Daelemans}, title = {Machine Learning Approaches}, editor = {Hans {van Halteren}}, booktitle = {Syntactic Wordclass Tagging}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1999, pages = {285--304}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ daelemans_de-smedt_etal92, author = {Walter Daelemans and Koenraad {De Smedt} and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {Inheritance in Natural Language Processing}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 2, pages = {205--218} } @InCollection{ daelemans_durieux00, author = {Walter Daelemans and Gert Durieux}, title = {Inductive Lexica}, editor = {Frank Van Eynde and Dafyddd Gibbon}, booktitle = {Lexicon Development for Speech and Language Processing}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 2000, pages = {115--139}, address = {Dortrecht}, url = {http://pcger40.uia.ac.be/walter/papers/dd00.ps} } @InCollection{ daelemans_gilles_etal97, author = {Walter Daelemans and Steven Gilles and Gert Durieux}, title = {Skousen's Analogical Modeling Algorithm: A comparison with Lazy Learning}, pages = {3--15}, crossref = {jones_somers97} } @TechReport{ daelemans_van-den-bosch_etal97, author = {Walter Daelemans and Antal {van den Bosch} and Ton Weijters}, title = {IGTree: Using Trees for Compression and Classification in Lazy Learning Algorithms}, institution = {ILK}, year = 1997, type = {Technical Report}, number = {97-01} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal00, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 3.0, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2000, type = {Technical Report}, number = {00-01}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/~ilk/papers/ilk0001.ps.gz} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal01, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 4.0, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2001, type = {Technical Report}, number = {01-04}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/downloads/pub/papers/ilk0104.ps.gz} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal02, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 4.2, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2002, type = {Technical Report}, number = {02-01}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/downloads/pub/papers/} } @TechReport{ daelemans_zavrel_etal04, author = {Walter Daelemans and Jakub Zavrel and Ko {van der Sloot} and Antal {van den Bosch}}, title = {{TiMBL}: {T}ilburg Memory Based Learner, version 5.1, Reference Guide}, institution = {ILK}, year = 2004, type = {Technical Report}, number = {04-02}, url = {http://ilk.kub.nl/downloads/pub/papers/} } @InProceedings{ dagan_itai90, author = {Ido Dagan and Alon Itai}, title = {Automatic Processing of Large Corpora for the Resolution of Anaphora References}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 90)}, year = 1990, volume = 3, pages = {330--332}, address = {Helsinki, Finland} } @Book{ dahlgren88, author = {Kathleen Dahlgren}, title = {Naive Semantics for Natural Language Understanding}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1988, series = {Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation}, address = {Boston} } @Article{ daneman_carpenter80, author = {Meredyth Daneman and Patricia A. Carpenter}, title = {Individual Differences in Working Memory and Reading}, journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior}, year = 1980, volume = 19, pages = {450--466} } @Book{ danvy_gluck_etal96, editor = {Olivier Danvy and Robert Gl{\"u}ck and Peter Thiemann}, title = {Partial Evaluation}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, address = {Berlin}, number = 1110 } @Book{ date97, author = {Chris J. Date}, title = {A guide to the SQL standard : a user's guide to the standard relational language SQL}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1997, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ davidson01, editor = {Donald Davidson}, title = {Essays on Actions and Events}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 2001, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ davidson67, author = {Donald Davidson}, title = {The Logical Form of Action Sentences}, editor = {N. Rescher}, booktitle = {The Logic of Decision and Action}, publisher = {The University Press}, year = 1967, pages = {81--95}, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania} } @Book{ davidson_harman72, editor = {Donald Davidson and Gilbert H. Harman}, title = {Semantics of Natural Language}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1972, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @TechReport{ davies_poesio98, author = {Sarah Davies and Massimo Poesio}, title = {{MATE} Deliverable {D1.1} Supported Coding Schemes - Coding Schemes for Co-reference}, institution = {{MATE}}, year = 1998, url = {http://www.dfki.de/mate/d11/} } @InProceedings{ davies_russel87, author = {T. R. Davies and S. J. Russel}, title = {A Logical Approach to Reasoning by Analogy}, booktitle = {International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-87)}, year = 1987, pages = {264--270}, address = {Mailand} } @InCollection{ davis84, author = {R. Davis}, title = {Interactive Transfer of Expertise}, editor = {B. G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe}, booktitle = {Rule based expert systems. The MYCIN experiments of the Stanford heuristic programming project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, pages = {171--205,507--530}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ day_aberdeen_etal97, author = {David Day and John Aberdeen and Lynette Hirschman and Robyn Kozierok and Patricia Robinson and Marc Vilain}, title = {Mixed-Initiative Development of Language Processing Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)}, year = 1997, pages = {}, address = {Washington D.C., USA} } @Book{ dbv-osi96, author = {Deutsche Bibliothek}, title = {\\ (http://www.ddb.de/partner/dbv-osi\_II.htm: German version),\\ (http://www.ddb.de/partner/dbv-osi\_ii\_engl.htm: English version)}, publisher = {Deutsche Bibliothek}, year = 1997 } @InProceedings{ delisle_szpakowicz97, author = {Sylvain Delisle and Stan Szpakowicz}, title = {Extraction of Predicate-Argument Structures from Texts}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP'97)}, year = 1997, pages = {318--323}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep } @Misc{ delta84, author = {DELTA/CATS-1}, title = {The {A}rtificial {I}nteligence {R}eport 1}, year = 1984, note = {zitiert nach [Wate85]}, volume = 1 } @TechReport{ denber98, author = {Michel Denber}, title = {Automatic Resolution of Anaphora in {E}nglish}, institution = {Eastman Kodak}, year = 1998, type = {Technial Report} } @Book{ deransart_ed-dbali_etal96, author = {Pierre Deransart and AbdelAli Ed-Dbali and Laurant Cervoni}, title = {Prolog: {T}he Standard}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ devos_adriaens_etal88, author = {M. Devos and G. Adriaens and Y. D. Willems}, title = {The Parallel Expert Parser (PEP): A Thoroughly Revised Descendant of the Word Expert Parser (WEP)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 88)}, year = 1988, pages = {142--147} } @InProceedings{ diab_resnik02, author = {Mona Diab and Philip Resnik}, title = {An Unsupervised Method for Word Sense Tagging using Parallel Corpora}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2002)}, year = 2002, pages = {255--262}, address = {Philadelphia}, month = jul } @Article{ dickes_steiwer77, author = {Paul Dickes and Laure Steiwer}, title = {Ausarbeitung von {L}esbarkeitsformeln f{\"u}r die deutsche {S}prache}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und P{\"a}dagogische Psychologie}, year = 1977, volume = 9, pages = {20--28} } @Article{ dietterich_michalsky81, author = {G. T. Dietterich and S. R. Michalsky}, title = {Inductive Learning of Structual Descriptions}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1981, volume = 16, number = 3, pages = {257--294} } @InCollection{ doelling77, author = {E. D{\"o}lling}, title = {Einige {A}spekte einer {L}ogik Empirischer {Z}usammenh{\"a}nge}, editor = {H. Wessel}, booktitle = {Logik und empirische Wissenschaften}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1977, pages = {130--148}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ doerre_eisele89, author = {Jochen D{\"o}rre and Andreas Eisele}, title = {Determining Consistency of Feature Terms with Distributed Disjunctions}, editor = {D. Metzing}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th German Workshop on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1989, pages = {270--279}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @TechReport{ doerre_seiffert91, author = {Jochen D{\"o}rre and Roland Seiffert}, title = {Sorted Terms and Relational Dependencies}, institution = {IBM Deutschland}, year = 1991, type = {{IWBS} Report}, number = 153, address = {Stuttgart}, month = feb } @InCollection{ donini96, author = {Francesco M. Donini and Maurizio Lenzerini and Daniele Nardi and Andrea Schaerf}, title = {Reasoning in Description Logics}, editor = {Gerhard Brewka}, booktitle = {Principles of Knowledge Representation}, publisher = {{CSLI} Publications}, year = 1996, series = {Studies in Logic, Language and Information}, pages = {193--238} } @InProceedings{ doran_michie66, author = {J. Doran and D. Michie}, title = {Experiments with the Graph Traverser Program}, booktitle = {Proc. of the Rojal Society}, year = 1966, volume = {294 Ser. A}, pages = {235--259}, address = {London} } @InCollection{ dowty89, author = {David R. Dowty}, title = {On the semantic content of the notion of `thematic role'}, editor = {Gennaro Chierchia and Barbara H. Partee and Raymond Turner}, booktitle = {Properties, Types and Meaning}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1989, volume = {2: Semantic Issues}, pages = {69--129}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, bib = {HA BEP/CHI 89/4609} } @Book{ dowty91, author = {David R. Dowty}, title = {Word Meaning and {M}ontague Grammar}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1991, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ dowty_karttunen_etal85, editor = {David R. Dowty and Lauri Karttunen and Arnold M. Zwicky}, title = {Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ doyle79, author = {J. Doyle}, title = {A Truth Maintenance System}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1979, volume = 12, pages = {231--272} } @InCollection{ dreger_etal98, author = {M. Dreger and S. Lohrum and N. Fuhr and K. Gro{\ss}johann}, title = {Provider Selection -- Design and Implementation of the {MeDoc} Broker}, editor = {A. Barth and A. Endres and A. de Kemp and M. Breu}, booktitle = {Digital Libraries in Computer Science: The MeDoc Approach}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, volume = 1392, series = {LNCS}, pages = {67--78} } @Book{ dreyfus-dreyfus87, author = {Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus}, title = {{K}{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz -- {V}on den {G}renzen der {D}enkmaschine und dem {W}ert der Intuition}, publisher = {Rowohlt}, year = 1987, address = {Reinbeck b. {H}amburg} } @Book{ drosdowski84, editor = {G{\"u}nter Drosdowski}, title = {Duden}, publisher = {Dudenverlag}, year = 1984, volume = 4, address = {Mannheim, Germany}, edition = 4 } @Book{ drosdowski95, editor = {G{\"u}nter Drosdowski}, title = {Duden}, publisher = {Dudenverlag}, year = 1995, volume = 4, address = {Mannheim, Germany}, edition = 5 } @Book{ drosdowski_mueller_etal85, editor = {G{\"u}nter Drosdowski and Wolfgang M{\"u}ller and Werner Scholze-Stubenrecht and Matthias Wermke}, title = {Duden}, publisher = {Dudenverlag}, year = 1985, volume = 9, address = {Mannheim, Germany}, edition = 3 } @Unpublished{ dubay04, author = {William H. DuBay}, title = {Principles of Readability}, year = 2004, note = {Unpublished, online available at http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/readability02.pdf} } @InCollection{ duffy85, author = {Thomas M. Duffy}, title = {Readability formulas: What's the Use?}, editor = {Thomas M. Duffy and Robert Waller}, booktitle = {Designing Usable Texts}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1985, pages = {113--143}, address = {Orlando, FL} } @Article{ earley70, author = {J. Earley}, title = {An Efficient Context-Free Parsing Algorithm}, journal = {Communications of the ACM}, year = 1970, volume = 6, number = 8, pages = {451--455} } @InProceedings{ echihabi_oard_etal03, author = {Abdessamad Echihabi and Douglas W. Oard and Daniel Marcu and Ulf Hermjakob}, title = {Cross-Language Question Answering at the {USC} {I}nformation {S}ciences {I}nstitute}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2003 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2003 Workshop}, year = 2003, pages = {331--337}, address = {Trondheim, Norway}, month = aug, annote = {publisher Centromedia} } @InProceedings{ eckle_heid96, author = {Judith Eckle and Ulrich Heid}, title = {Extracting raw material for a {G}erman subcategorization lexicon from newspaper text}, booktitle = {Proceedings of COMPLEX 96}, year = 1996 } @Manual{ ecrc95, title = {ECLiPSe 3.5: User Manual -- Extensions User Manual}, organization = {ECRC GmbH}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, month = dec, year = 1995, editor = {ECRC}, key = {ECLiPSe} } @Book{ eimer87, author = {Martin Eimer}, title = {Konzepte von {K}ausalit{\"a}t: {V}erursachungszusammenh{\"a}nge und psychologische {B}egriffsbildung}, publisher = {Verlag Hans Huber}, year = 1987, address = {Bern} } @PhDThesis{ eimermacher88, author = {Michael Eimermacher}, title = {Wortorientiertes Parsen}, school = {TU Berlin}, year = 1988, address = {Berlin}, bib = {PI7} } @InProceedings{ eisele_brueck04, author = {Andreas Eisele and Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck}}, title = {Similarity Based Lookup For Trademark Search}, editor = {Susanne Biundo}, booktitle = {27th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI)}, year = 2004, address = {Ulm, Germany}, month = oct, publisher = {Springer}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/eisele_brueck_2004.pdf} } @InProceedings{ eisele_doerre88, author = {Andreas Eisele and Jochen D{\"o}rre}, title = {Unification of Disjunctive Feature Descriptions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1988, pages = {286--294}, comment = {address = {Stanford, California}} } @InProceedings{ ellsworth_erk_etal04, author = {M. Ellsworth and K. Erk and P. Kingsbury and S. Pado}, title = {Prop{B}ank, {SALSA}, and {F}rame{}Net: How Design Determines Product}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Workshop on Building Lexical Resources from Semantically Annotated Corpora}, year = 2004, address = {Lisbon, Portugal} } @InProceedings{ ellsworth_etal04, author = {M. Ellsworth and K. Erk and P. Kingsbury and S. Pado}, title = {Prop{B}ank, {SALSA}, and {F}rame{}Net: How Design Determines Product}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Workshop on Building Lexical Resources from Semantically Annotated Corpora}, year = 2004, address = {Lisbon, Portugal} } @Book{ elmasri_navathe94, author = {Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe}, title = {Fundamentals of Database Systems}, publisher = {Benjamin/Cummings}, year = 1994, address = {Redwood City, California}, edition = 2 } @Book{ engelmore_morgan88, author = {Robert Engelmore and Tony Morgan}, title = {Blackboard Systems}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1988, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ erbach95, author = {Gregor Erbach}, title = {{ProFIT}: {P}rolog with Features, Inheritance and Templates}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'95)}, year = 1995, pages = {180--187}, address = {Dublin, Ireland} } @InProceedings{ erbach97, author = {Gregor Erbach and G{\"u}nter Neumann and Hans Uszkoreit}, title = {Multilingual Indexing, Navigation and Editing Extensions for the World-Wide Web.}, booktitle = {AAAI Symposium on Cross-Language Text and Speech Retrieval}, year = 1997 } @InCollection{ erku_gundel87, author = {Feride Erk{\"u} and Jeanette Gundel}, title = {The Pragmatics of Indirect Anaphors}, editor = {Jef Verschueren and Marcella Bertuccelli-Papi}, booktitle = {The Pragmatic Perspective: Selected Papers from the 1985 International Pragmatics Conference}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = 1987, pages = {533--545}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ erman_hayes-roth_etal80, author = {L. D. Erman and F. Hayes-Roth and V. R. Lesser and D. R. Reddy}, title = {The {HEARSAY-II} Speech Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty}, journal = {Computing Surveys}, year = 1980, volume = 12, pages = {213--253} } @InProceedings{ erman_london_etal81, author = {L. D. Erman and P. E. London and S. F. Fickas}, title = {The Design and Example use of {HEARSEY-III}}, booktitle = {International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {409--415}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ essler_brendel_etal87, author = {Wilhelm K. Essler and Elke Brendel and Rosa F. Cruzado}, title = {{G}rundz{\"u}ge der {L}ogik {II}: {K}lassen, {R}elationen, {Z}ahlen}, publisher = {Vittorio Klostermann}, year = 1987, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, edition = 3, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ estival90, author = {Dominique Estival}, title = {{ELU}: an Environment for Machine Translation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 90)}, year = 1990, volume = 3, pages = {385--387}, address = {Helsinki, Finland} } @Article{ etherington87, author = {D. W. Etherington}, title = {Formalizing Nonmonotonic Reasoning}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1987, volume = 31, pages = {41--85} } @InProceedings{ evans_gazdar89, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {The Semantics of {DATR}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour}, year = 1989, pages = {79--87}, address = {London}, publisher = {Pitman} } @InProceedings{ evans_gazdar89b, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {Inference in {DATR}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'89)}, year = 1989, pages = {66--71} } @TechReport{ evans_gazdar95, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {{DATR:} {A} Language for Lexical Knowledge Representation}, institution = {University of Sussex}, year = 1995, type = {Cognitive Science Research Paper}, number = {{CSRP 382}}, address = {Cognitive and Computing Sciences, Brighton, England}, month = nov } @Article{ evans_gazdar96, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {{DATR}: {A} Language for Lexical Knowledge Representation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1996, volume = 22, number = 2, pages = {167--216}, month = jun } @InCollection{ evans_gazdar_etal93, author = {Roger Evans and Gerald Gazdar and Lionel Moser}, title = {Prioritised Multiple Inheritance in {DATR}}, pages = {38--46}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93}, bib = {HA 05 ZZX 147797} } @Book{ evens88, author = {Martha W. Evens}, title = {Relational Models of the Lexicon}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1988, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ evens_litowitz_etal80, author = {M. W. Evens and B. Litowitz and J. Markowitz and R. Smith and O. Werner}, title = {Lexical-semantic relations: a comparative survey}, journal = {Linguistic Research}, year = 1980 } @InProceedings{ fagan_etal79, author = {L. M. Fagan and others}, title = {Representation of Dynamic Clinical Knowledge: Measurment interpretation in the Intensive Care Unit}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79)}, year = 1979, pages = {260--262}, address = {Tokyo} } @Book{ fauconnier94, author = {Gilles Fauconnier}, title = {Mental Spaces: {A}spects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1994, address = {Cambridge, England}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ faye_scheffler_etal94, editor = {Jan Faye and Uwe Scheffler and Max Urchs}, title = {Logic and causal reasoning}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1994, address = {Berlin} } @Proceedings{ fayyad95, title = {Proceedings/{KDD}-95, {F}irst {I}nternational {C}onference on {K}nowledge {D}iscovery \& {D}ata {M}ining}, year = 1995, editor = {Usama M. Fayyad}, address = {Menlo Park, California}, publisher = {AAI Press} } @Book{ fayyad96, editor = {Usama M. Fayyad}, title = {Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining}, publisher = {AAI Press}, year = 1996, address = {Menlo Park, California} } @Book{ feigenbaum_feldmann63, author = {E.A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldmann}, title = {{C}omputers and {T}hought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, address = {New York}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1698} } @Book{ feigenbaum_feldmann63a, author = {E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldmann}, title = {Computers and Thought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, address = {New York} } @Book{ feigenbaum_feldmann63b, author = {E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldmann}, title = {Computers and Thought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, address = {New York}, chapter = {I: Can a Machine Think} } @Book{ fellbaum98, editor = {Christiane Fellbaum}, title = {Wordnet. An Electronic Lexical Database}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1998, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ ferber81, author = {Rafael Ferber}, title = {Zenons Paradoxien der Bewegung und die Struktur von Raum und Zeit}, publisher = {Beck}, year = 1981, series = {Zetemata}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, number = 76 } @Article{ fikes_nilsson71, author = {R. E. Fikes and N. J. Nilsson}, title = {{STRIPS}: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1971, volume = 2, number = {3/4}, pages = {198--208} } @InCollection{ fillmore68, author = {Charles J. Fillmore}, title = {The Case for Case}, editor = {Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms}, booktitle = {Universals in Linguistic Theory}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart \& Winston}, year = 1968, pages = {1--88}, address = {New York} } @Book{ findler79, author = {N. V. Findler}, title = {Associative Networks: {R}epresentation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, address = {New York} } @Book{ flamig59, editor = {W. Fl{\"a}mig}, title = {Zum {K}onjunktiv in der deutschen {G}egenwartssprache}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1959, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ flanagan97, author = {David Flanagan}, title = {Java in a Nutshell}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 1997, address = {Sebastopol, California}, edition = 2 } @Article{ flesch48, author = {Rudolf Flesch}, title = {A New Readability Yardstick}, journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology}, year = 1948, volume = 32, pages = {221--233} } @Article{ flickinger_nerbonne92, author = {Dan Flickinger and John Nerbonne}, title = {Inheritance and Complementation: {A} Case Study of Easy Adjectives and Related Nouns}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 3, pages = {269--309}, month = sep } @Manual{ foderaro_sklower80, author = {J. K. Foderaro and K. L. Sklower}, title = {The {FRANZ LISP} manual}, organization = {Univ. of Colifornia}, address = {Berkley}, year = 1980 } @Article{ fonseca_egenhofer_etal02, author = {Frederico T. Fonseca and Max J. Egenhofer and Peggy Agouris and Gilberto C{\^a}mara}, title = {Using Ontologies for Integrated Geographic Information Systems}, journal = {Transactions in Geographic Information Systems}, year = 2002, volume = 6, number = 3, pages = {231--257} } @Article{ forgy82, author = {Charles Forgy}, title = {Rete: A Fast Algorithm for the Many Pattern/Many Object Pattern Match Problem}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1982, volume = 19, pages = {17--37} } @TechReport{ forgy84, author = {C. L. Forgy}, title = {A Design for Integrating Procedural and Rule-based Programming Paradigms}, institution = {Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Comp. Science Dept.}, year = 1984, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, month = aug } @Book{ fox_lappin05, author = {Chris Fox and Shalom Lappin}, title = {Foundations of Intensional Semantics}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishers}, year = 2005, address = {Oxford, Malden, Mass.} } @Article{ fox_smith84, author = {M. S. Fox and S. F. Smith}, title = {{ISIS}: A Knowledge Based System for Factory Scheduling}, journal = {Expert Systems}, year = 1984, volume = 1, number = 1 } @InProceedings{ frank_krieger_etal05, author = {Anette Frank and Hans-Ulrich Krieger and Feiyu Xu and Hans Uszkoreit and Berthold Crysmann and Brigitte J{\"o}rg and Ulrich Sch{\"a}fer}, title = {Querying Structured Knowledge Sources}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI-05 Workshop on Question Answering in Restricted Domains}, year = 2005, pages = {10--19}, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania} } @InCollection{ franz96, author = {Alexander Franz}, title = {Learning {PP} Attachment from Corpus Statistics}, pages = {188--202}, crossref = {wermter_riloff_etal96} } @Book{ franz96b, author = {Alexander Franz}, title = {Automatic Ambiguity Resolution in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, volume = 1171, series = {LNAI}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ freksa90, author = {Christian Freksa}, title = {{R}epr{\"a}sentation und {V}erarbeitung r{\"a}umlichen {W}issens}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1990, series = {Informatik-Fachberichte}, address = {Berlin}, number = 245 } @Book{ freundlich70, author = {R. Freundlich}, title = {Sprachtheorie}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1970, address = {Wien, New York} } @Book{ frost86, editor = {R. A. Frost}, title = {Introduction to knowledge base Systems}, publisher = {Collins}, year = 1986, address = {London} } @Article{ fujii_inui_etal98, author = {Atsushi Fujii and Kentaro Inui and Takenobu Tokunaga and Hozumi Tanaka}, title = {Selective Sampling for Example-based Word Sense Disambiguation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1998, volume = 24, number = 4, pages = {573--597}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ gabbay96, author = {Dov M. Gabbay}, title = {An Overview of Fibred Semantics and The Combination of Logics}, editor = {K. Schulz and F. Baader}, booktitle = {Proceedings of FroCoS'96}, year = 1996, series = {Applied Logic}, pages = {1--56}, address = {Dordrecht}, publisher = {Kluwer} } @Book{ gabbay99, author = {Dov M. Gabbay}, title = {Fibring logics}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1999, address = {Oxford}, note = {Volume 38: Oxford logic guides} } @Book{ gabbay_hogger_etal95, editor = {Dov M. Gabbay and C. J. Hogger and J. A. Robinson}, title = {Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, address = {Oxford}, note = {Volume 4: Epistemic and Temporal Reasoning} } @Book{ gabbay_wansing99, author = {Dov M. Gabbay and Heinrich Wansing}, title = {What is Negation?}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1999, address = {Dordrecht} } @Book{ gaerdenfors87, editor = {Peter G{\"a}rdenfors}, title = {Generalized Quantifiers. Linguistic and Logical Approaches}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1987, volume = 31, series = {Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ gaizauskas_humphreys96, author = {Robert Gaizauskas and Kevin Humphreys}, title = {Quantitative Evaluation of Coreference Algorithms in an Information Extraction System}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC'96)}, year = 1996, pages = {1--18} } @Book{ galton84, editor = {Anthony Galton}, title = {The logic of aspect}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1984, address = {Oxford} } @Proceedings{ galton87, title = {Temporal logics and their application}, year = 1987, editor = {Anthony Galton}, address = {London}, publisher = {Academic Press} } @InCollection{ galton95, author = {Anthony Galton}, title = {Time and change for {AI}}, editor = {Dov M. Gabbay and C. J. Hogger and J. A. Robinson}, booktitle = {Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, pages = {175--240}, address = {Oxford}, note = {Volume 4: Epistemic and Temporal Reasoning} } @Article{ ganascia85, author = {J. Ganascia}, title = {Explanation and Justification in Expert Systems}, journal = {Computers and AI}, year = 1985, volume = 4, number = 3, pages = {3--13}, address = {Bratislava} } @Article{ gangemi_guarino_etal03, author = {A. Gangemi and N. Guarino and C. Masolo and A. Oltramari}, title = {Sweeting WordNet with DOLCE}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = 2003, volume = 24, number = 3 } @Book{ garman90, author = {Michael Garman}, title = {Psycholinguistics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1990, address = {Cambridge} } @InProceedings{ gaussier_cancedda01, author = {Eric Gaussier and Nicola Cancedda}, title = {Probabilistic Models for PP-attachment Resolution and NP Analysis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Computational Natural Language Learning Workshop (CoNLL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {45--52}, address = {Toulouse, France}, month = jul } @Book{ gazdar_klein_etal85, author = {Gerald Gazdar and Ewan Klein and Geoffrey Pullum and Ivan A. Sag}, title = {Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ ge_hale_etal98, author = {Niyu Ge and John Hale and Eugene Charniak}, title = {A Statistical Approach to Anaphora Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Very Large Corpora (WVLC-6)}, year = 1998, pages = {161--170} } @Book{ genesereth_nilsson89, author = {Michael R. Genesereth and Nils J. Nilsson}, title = {Logische {G}rundlagen der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, publisher = {Vieweg}, year = 1989, address = {Braunschweig} } @InProceedings{ gerdemann95, author = {Dale Gerdemann}, title = {Term Encoding of Typed Feature Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Parsing Technologies}, year = 1995, pages = {89--98} } @Book{ gerstenkorn76, author = {A. Gerstenkorn}, title = {Das {M}odal-{S}ystem im heutigen {D}eutsch}, publisher = {Wilh. Fink}, year = 1976, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ gerster76, author = {Hans Dieter Gerster}, title = {{A}ussagenlogik, {M}engen, {R}elationen}, publisher = {Herder}, year = 1976, address = {Freiburg,Basel,Wien}, edition = 4, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ gerstl_pribbenow95, author = {Peter Gerstl and Simone Pribbenow}, title = {Midwinters, end games, and body parts: a classification of part-whole relations}, journal = {Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud.}, year = 1995, volume = 43, number = {5-6}, pages = {865--889}, issn = {1071-5819}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1995.1079}, publisher = {Academic Press, Inc.}, address = {Duluth, MN, USA} } @InProceedings{ gey2005, author = {Fred Gey}, title = {{GeoCLEF} 2005}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Workshop of the CLEF 2005}, year = 2005, address = {Vienna, Austria}, month = sep } @InCollection{ gey_larson_etal06, author = {Fredric Gey and Ray Larson and Mark Sanderson and Hideo Joho and Paul Clough and Vivien Petras}, title = {{GeoCLEF}: the {CLEF} 2005 Cross-Language Geographic Information Retrieval Track Overview}, editor = {C. Peters and F. C. Gey and J. Gonzalo and H. M{\"u}ller and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini and M. {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {CLEF 2005 Proceedings}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, address = {Berlin} } @PhDThesis{ gibson91, author = {Edward A. F. Gibson}, title = {A Computational Theory of Human Linguistic Processing: Memory Limitations and Processing Breakdown}, school = {Carnegie Mellon University}, year = 1991, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, note = {Unpublished doctoral dissertation} } @Article{ gibson98, author = {Edward Gibson}, title = {Linguistic Complexity: Locality of Syntactic Dependencies}, journal = {Cognition}, year = 1998, volume = 68, pages = {1--76} } @Article{ gibson_pearlmutter98, author = {Edward Gibson and Neil J. Pearlmutter}, title = {Constraints on Sentence Processing}, journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences}, year = 1998, volume = 2, number = 7, pages = {262--268} } @TechReport{ gloeckner00, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Advances in {DFS} theory}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2000, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2000-01}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ gloeckner00b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {A broad class of Standard {DFSes}}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2000, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2000-02}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ gloeckner00c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {An axiomatic theory of fuzzy quantifiers in natural languages}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2000, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2000-03}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = feb } @TechReport{ gloeckner01, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Standard models of fuzzy quantification}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2001, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2001-01}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = apr } @TechReport{ gloeckner02, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Branching of fuzzy quantifiers and multiple variable binding: an extension of {DFS} theory}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2002, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2002-08}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = dec } @PhDThesis{ gloeckner03, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy Quantifiers in Natural Language: {S}emantics and Computational Models}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld, Technische Fakult{\"a}t}, year = 2003, month = apr } @TechReport{ gloeckner03b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fundamentals of fuzzy quantification: plausible models, constructive principles, and efficient implementation}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 2003, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 2002-07}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ gloeckner03c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers, multiple variable binding and branching quantification}, editor = {T. Bilgic and B. De Baets and O. Kaynak}, booktitle = {Fuzzy Sets and Systems -- IFSA 2003}, year = 2003, series = {LNAI}, volume = 2715, pages = {135--142}, month = jul, publisher = {Springer} } @Book{ gloeckner04, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy Quantifiers in Natural Language: {S}emantics and Computational Models}, publisher = {Der Andere Verlag}, year = 2004, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany}, month = jul, isbn = {3-89959-205-0} } @Article{ gloeckner04a, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Evaluation of Quantified Propositions in Generalized Models of Fuzzy Quantification}, journal = {International Journal of Approximate Reasoning}, year = 2004, volume = 37, number = 2, pages = {93--126}, month = sep } @Book{ gloeckner06a, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy Quantifiers: {A} Computational Theory}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 193, series = {Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing}, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner06b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2006: Answer Validation Exercise}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner06c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Quantifier Selection for Linguistic Data Summarization}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of FuzzIEEE 2006 -- Special Session on Data Summarization}, year = 2006, address = {Vancouver, Canada} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner06d, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Optimal Selection of Proportional Bounding Quantifiers in Linguistic Data Summarization}, booktitle = {Soft Methods for Integrated Uncertainty Modelling}, year = 2006, series = {Advances in Soft Computing}, volume = 37, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner07a, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Filtering and Fusion of Question-Answering Streams by Robust Textual Inference}, editor = {Leila Amgoud and Patrick Saint-Dizier}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 3rd International Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering Questions (KRAQ'07)}, year = 2007, pages = {43--48}, address = {Hyderabad, India}, month = jan } @InProceedings{ gloeckner07b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Towards an Operational Interpretation of Membership Grades - {On} {H}-Valued Fuzzy Sets and Their Use for Fuzzy Quantification}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of the First IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computational Intelligence (FOCI'07)}, year = 2007, address = {Honolulu, Hawaii} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner07c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2007: Answer Validation Exercise}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary} } @InCollection{ gloeckner07d, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Answer Validation through Robust Logical Inference}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {518--521}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner08, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Towards Logic-Based Question Answering under Time Constraints }, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IAENG International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (ICAIA-08)}, year = 2008, address = {Hong Kong}, month = mar, note = {(to appear)} } @Article{ gloeckner08b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Generalized Fuzzy Quantifiers and the Modelling of Fuzzy Branching Quantification}, journal = {International Journal of Intelligent Systems}, year = 2008, note = {(to appear)} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner93, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Monotonic incrementation of backpropagation networks}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of the Int.\ Conf.\ on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN 93)}, year = 1993, address = {Amsterdam, NL} } @MastersThesis{ gloeckner96, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {{Verwendung Neuronaler Netze zur Emulation logischen Schlie{\"s}ens}}, school = {Institut f{\"u}r Semantische Informationsverarbeitung, Universit{\"a}t Osnabr{\"u}ck}, year = 1996, type = {Magisterarbeit}, address = {49069 Osnabr{\"u}ck} } @TechReport{ gloeckner97, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {{DFS}: An axiomatic approach to fuzzy quantification}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1997, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 97-06}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ gloeckner99, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {A framework for evaluating approaches to fuzzy quantification}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1999, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 99-03}, address = {Bielefeld}, month = jul } @TechReport{ gloeckner_grieszl_etal93, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Andrea Grieszl and Helmar Gust and Uwe Hauck and Frank Kolhosser and Martin M{\"u}ller and Claus-Rainer Rollinger and Marc Ronthaler and Thorsten Wagner}, title = {{PEEP: Eine Komponente zur Pr{\"a}suppositionsbehandlung in LEU/2}}, institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Wissensbasierte Systeme (IWBS), IBM Germany GmbH}, year = 1993, type = {IWBS Report}, number = 242, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_grieszl_etal94, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Andrea Grieszl and Martin M{\"u}ller and Marc Ronthaler}, title = {{TabVer}: {A} case study in table verbalization}, editor = {B. Nebel and L. Dreschler-Fischer}, booktitle = {KI-94: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1994, series = {LNAI-861}, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal05, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Rainer Osswald}, title = {From {GermaNet} Glosses to Formal Meaning Postulates}, editor = {Bernhard Fisseni and Hans-Christian Schmitz and Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Petra Wagner}, booktitle = {Sprachtechnologie, mobile Kommunikation und linguistische Ressourcen -- Beitr{\"a}ge zur GLDV-Tagung 2005 in Bonn}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 2005, pages = {394--407}, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, isbn = {3-631-53874-X} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal06, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Johannes Leveling and Rainer Osswald}, title = {An Architecture for Rating and Controlling Text Readability}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {32--35}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, url = {http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2006/2013/}, annote = {ISBN 3-89318-050-8} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal06b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Automatic Knowledge Acquisition by Semantic Analysis and Assimilation of Textual Information}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {36--43}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, url = {http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2006/2013/}, annote = {ISBN 3-89318-050-8} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal07, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Logical Validation, Answer Merging and Witness Selection -- A Case Study in Multi-Stream Question Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of RIAO 2007 (Recherche d'Information Assist{\'e}e par Ordinateur -- Computer assisted information retrieval), Large-Scale Semantic Access to Content (Text, Image, Video and Sound) }, year = 2007, address = {Pittsburgh, USA}, publisher = {Le Centre de Hautes Etudes Internationales d'informatique Documentaire -- C.I.D.}, annote = {url {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal07.pdf}} , url = {http://riao.free.fr/papers/65.pdf} } @Article{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal07b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Johannes Leveling and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Automatic Semantic Analysis for {NLP} Applications}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft}, year = 2007, volume = 26, number = 2, pages = {241--266}, publisher = {Walter {de Gruyter}}, issn = {0721-9067}, annote = {DOI 10.1515/ZFS.2007.019} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_hartrumpf_etal99, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Alois Knoll}, title = {Content-based document retrieval using natural language}, booktitle = {Tagungsband zum Workshop ``Virtuelle Wissensfabrik: Neue Techniken der Mensch-Ma\-schi\-ne-In\-ter\-aktion, der Strukturierung komplexer Informationen und deren Kommunikation in kooperativen Umgebungen''}, year = 1999, address = {Schlo{\ss} Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin}, month = sep } @Article{ gloeckner_helbig05, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation und {A}ntwortfindung mit {M}ehrschichtigen {E}rweiterten {S}emantischen {N}etzen}, journal = {K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 2005, volume = 2, pages = {49--55}, month = may } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_klose92, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Gudrun Klose.}, title = {Static and dynamic evaluation of knowledge bases}, editor = {K. {von Luck} and H.-J. Novak and C.-R. Rollinger}, booktitle = {Fully Implemented Natural Language Understanding Systems (Proceedings of the Workshop held at Trento, Italy, March 30, 1992)}, year = 1992, series = {IWBS Report 236 (IBM TR-80.92-033)}, pages = {50--60}, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Institut f{\"u}r Wissensbasierte Systeme, IBM Germany} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll00, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Architecture and retrieval methods of a search assistant for scientific libraries}, editor = {W. Gaul and R. Decker}, booktitle = {Classification and Information Processing at the Turn of the Millennium}, year = 2000, pages = {460--468}, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ gloeckner_knoll00b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {A formal theory of fuzzy natural language quantification and its role in granular computing}, editor = {Witold Pedrycz}, booktitle = {Granular Computing: An Emerging Paradigm}, publisher = {Physica-Verlag}, year = 2000, volume = 70, series = {Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing}, pages = {215--256}, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll01, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers in granular computing and their role for data summarization}, booktitle = {Fuzziness and Soft Computing in the New Millennium. Proceedings of the Joint 9th IFSA World Congress and 20th NAFIPS International Conference}, year = 2001, address = {Vancouver, Canada}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll01b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers: {A} natural language technique for data fusion}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion 2001)}, year = 2001, month = aug } @TechReport{ gloeckner_knoll97, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers for processing natural-language queries in content-based multimedia retrieval systems}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1997, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 97-05}, address = {Bielefeld} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Query evaluation and information fusion in a retrieval system for multimedia documents}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of the Second Int.\ Conf.\ on Information Fusion (Fusion '99)}, year = 1999, pages = {529--536}, address = {Sunnyvale, CA}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99b, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {A framework for evaluating fusion operators based on the theory of generalized quantifiers}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI '99)}, year = 1999, address = {Taipei, Taiwan}, month = aug } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99c, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Application of fuzzy quantifiers in image processing: {A} case study}, editor = {L.C. Jain}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information Engineering Systems (KES `99)}, year = 1999, pages = {259--262}, address = {Adelaide, Australia}, month = aug, organization = {IEEE} } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll99d, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll}, title = {Natural-language navigation in multimedia archives: {An} integrated approach}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Multimedia Conference (MM '99)}, year = 1999, pages = {313--322}, address = {Orlando, Florida}, month = oct } @InProceedings{ gloeckner_knoll_etal98, author = {Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Alois Knoll and Andr\'e Wolfram}, title = {Data fusion based on fuzzy quantifiers}, booktitle = {Proc.\ of EuroFusion98, International Data Fusion Conference}, year = 1998, pages = {39--46}, address = {Great Malvern, UK}, month = oct } @Book{ glueck93, editor = {H. Gl{\"u}ck}, title = {{Metzler-Lexikon Sprache}}, publisher = {J. B. Metzler}, year = 1993, address = {Stuttgart} } @Book{ gnedenko91, author = {B. W. Gnedenko}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {W}ahrscheinlichkeitstheorie}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1991, address = {Berlin}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @TechReport{ gnoerlich00, author = {Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Multi{N}et/{WR}: {A} {K}nowledge {E}ngineering {T}oolkit for {N}atural {L}anguage {I}nformation}, institution = {University Hagen}, year = 2000, type = {Technical {R}eport}, number = 278, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @PhDThesis{ gnoerlich02, author = {Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Technologische Grundlagen der Wissensverwaltung f{\"u}r die automatische Sprachverarbeitung}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 2002, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @Book{ goddard98, author = {Cliff Goddard}, title = {Semantic Analysis: A practical introduction}, publisher = {Oxford University Press, Inc.}, year = 1998, address = {New York} } @Book{ goerke74, author = {Lilly G{\"o}rke}, title = {{M}engen, {R}elationen, {F}unktionen}, publisher = {Harri Deutsch}, year = 1974, address = {Z{\"u}rich, Frankfurt am Main}, edition = 4, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ goerz93, editor = {G. G{\"o}rz}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {K}{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1993, address = {Bonn} } @Article{ goltz_geske_etal88, author = {H.-J. Goltz and U. Geske and F. Wysotzki}, title = {The Rewrite Approach to Combined Logic and Functional Programming}, journal = {New Generation Computer Systems}, year = 1988, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {49--62}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ gomez_segami_etal97, author = {Fernando Gomez and Carlos Segami and Richard Hull}, title = {Determining Prepositional Attachment, Prepositional Meaning, Verb Meaning, and Thematic Roles}, journal = {Computational Intelligence}, year = 1997, volume = 13, number = 1, pages = {1--31} } @InCollection{ gottwald77, author = {S. Gottwald}, title = {Theoretische {B}etrachtungen {\"u}ber {F}uzzy {L}ogik}, editor = {Gau\ss{}ig}, booktitle = {Problemseminar: Algebraische und logische Grundlagen der Informatik}, publisher = {WBZ der TU Dresden}, year = 1977, pages = {3--12} } @Book{ gray_leary35, author = {William S. Gray and Bernice Leary}, title = {What Makes a Book Readable}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1935, address = {Chicago, Illinois} } @Proceedings{ green_bean_etal02, title = {The Semantics of Relationships}, year = 2002, editor = {Rebecca Green and Carol A. Bean and Sung Hyon Myaeng}, address = {Dordrecht, Boston, London}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers} } @Book{ grefenstette94, author = {G. Grefenstette}, title = {Explorations in automatic thesaurus discovery}, publisher = {Kleuwer}, year = 1994, address = {Boston} } @InProceedings{ greiner_lenat80, author = {R. Greiner and D. Lenat}, title = {A Representation Language Language}, booktitle = {Proc. National Conf. of the American Association for {AI}}, year = 1980, pages = {183--205} } @InCollection{ grice75, author = {P. H. Grice}, title = {Logic and Conversation}, editor = {P. Cole and I. Morgan}, booktitle = {Speech Acts. Syntax and Semantics}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, volume = 3, address = {New York}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1699} } @Book{ groeben82, author = {Norbert Groeben}, title = {Leserpsychologie: Textverst{\"a}ndnis -- Textverst{\"a}ndlichkeit}, publisher = {Aschendorff}, year = 1982, address = {M{\"u}nster, Germany} } @TechReport{ gross89, author = {B. Gro\ss}, title = {Japans f{\"u}nfte {C}omputer {G}eneration und die sozial-{\"o}konomischene {D}imension der {I}nformatik}, institution = {Th Ilmenau}, year = 1984, type = {Dokumentation/Information}, number = 76, address = {Ilmenau} } @InCollection{ grossjohann_menke98, author = {Kai Grossjohann and Dirk Menke}, title = {Query Transformation for Heterogeneous Provider Systems in {M}e{D}oc}, crossref = {barth_endres_etal98} } @InCollection{ grosz86, author = {Barbara J. Grosz}, title = {The Representation and Use of Focus in a System for Unterstanding Dialogs}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {353--362}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ grosz_jones_etal86, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, title = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ grosz_joshi_etal95, author = {Barbara J. Grosz and Aaravind K. Joshi and Scott Weinstein}, title = {Centering: {A} framework for modeling the local coherence of discourse}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1995, volume = 21, number = 2, pages = {203--225}, month = jun } @Article{ grosz_sidner86, author = {Barbara J. Grosz and C. L. Sidner}, title = {Attention, Intentions, and the Structure of Discourse}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1986, volume = 12, number = 3, pages = {175--204} } @Article{ gruber93, author = {T. R. Gruber}, title = {Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, year = 1995, volume = 43, number = {5--6}, pages = {907--928} } @Book{ gruenbaum73, author = {A. Gr{\"u}nbaum}, title = {Philosophical Problems of Space and Time}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1973, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ guenter_cunis93, author = {A. G{\"u}nter and R. Cunis}, title = {{PLAKON} - {E}rgebnisse einer {E}ntwicklung}, journal = {K{\"u}nstliche Imtelligenz}, year = 1993, volume = 1, pages = {51--56} } @Misc{ gueting90, author = {R. H. G{\"u}ting}, title = {Kurs 1663 -- {D}atenstrukturen}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1990 } @Book{ gundavaram96, author = {Shishir Gundavaram}, title = {CGI Programming on the World Wide Web}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 1996, address = {Sebastopol, California} } @Book{ gupta_etal85, editor = {M. M. Gupta and others}, title = {Approximate Reasoning in Expert Systems}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1985, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ guthrie_pustejovsky_etal96, author = {L. Guthrie and J. Pustejovsky and Y. Wilks and B. M. Slator}, title = {The Role of Lexicons in Natural Language Processing}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1996, volume = 39, number = 1, pages = {63--72} } @TechReport{ haapalainen_majorin94, author = {Mariikka Haapalainen and Ari Majorin}, title = {{GERTWOL}: {E}in {S}ystem zur automatischen {W}ortformerkennung deutscher {W}{\"o}rter}, institution = {Lingsoft, {I}nc.}, year = 1994, address = {Helsinki, Finnland}, month = sep, url = {http://www.lingsoft.fi/doc/gertwol/intro/gertwol.txt} } @InCollection{ habel85, author = {Christopher Habel}, title = {Das {L}exikon in der {F}orschung der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, editor = {Christoph Schwarze and Dieter Wunderlich}, booktitle = {Handbuch der Lexikologie}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1985, pages = {441--474}, address = {K{\"o}nigstein} } @InCollection{ habel89, author = {Christopher Habel}, title = {Zwischen-{B}ericht}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {37--69}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ habel_herweg_etal89, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, title = {{R}aumkonzepte in {V}erstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ habel_schmidt_etal77, author = {C. Habel and A. Schmidt and H. Schweppe}, title = {On Automatic Paraphrasing of Natural Language Expressions}, institution = {Semantic Network Project, Department of Computer Science, University of Berlin}, year = 1977, type = {Report}, number = {3/77}, address = {Berlin, Germany} } @Book{ haegeman94, author = {Liliane Haegeman}, title = {Introduction to Government and Binding Theory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = 1994, address = {Oxford, England}, edition = 2 } @InProceedings{ hahn_strube96, author = {Udo Hahn and Michael Strube}, title = {{ParseTalk} about Functional Anaphora}, editor = {Gordon McCalla}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence}, year = 1996, series = {LNAI}, volume = 1081, pages = {133--145}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, conflocation = {Toronto, Canada} } @Article{ hajicova75, author = {E. Haji\v{c}ova}, title = {Some Questions of Formal Models in Linguistic Semantics}, journal = {CTP}, year = 1975, pages = {343--345}, publisher = {Bapha} } @Article{ hajicova_panevova_etal80, author = {E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a} and J. Panevova and P. Sgall}, title = {Meaning, Sense and Valency}, journal = {Folia linguistica}, year = 1980, volume = 14, pages = {57--64} } @Book{ halliday_hassan76, author = {Michael A. K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan}, title = {Coherence in English}, publisher = {Longman}, year = 1976, address = {London} } @InCollection{ hamann91, author = {Cornelia Hamann}, title = {Adjectives}, editor = {Arnim {von Stechow} and Dieter Wunderlich}, booktitle = {Semantik. Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgen{\"o}ssichen Forschung}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1991, pages = {657--673}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ hampe91, editor = {Michael Hampe}, title = {Prozess, {G}ef{\"u}hl und {R}aum-{Z}eit}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1991, address = {Frankfurt/Main} } @MastersThesis{ hanrieder91, author = {Gerhard Hanrieder}, title = {{R}obustes {W}ortparsing -- {L}exikonbasierte morphologische {A}nalyse (komplexer) deutscher {W}ortformen}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Trier}, year = 1991, type = {Magisterarbeit}, address = {Trier} } @InCollection{ hanrieder96, author = {Gerhard Hanrieder}, title = {{PP}-{A}nbindung in einem kognitiv ad{\"a}quaten {V}erarbeitungsmodell}, editor = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, booktitle = {Pr{\"a}positionalsemantik und PP-Anbindung}, publisher = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t Duisburg}, year = 1996, pages = {13--22}, address = {Duisburg} } @InCollection{ hansson95, author = {Sven Ove Hansson}, title = {The Emperor's New Clothes: {S}ome Recurring Problems in the Formal Analysis of Counterfacts}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {13--31}, address = {Oxford} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu96, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu}, title = {An Application fo {WordNet} to Prepositional Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1996, pages = {360--363} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu98, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu}, title = {Deriving Metonymic Coercions from {W}ord{N}et}, booktitle = {Workshop on the Usage of WordNet in Natural Language Processing Systems, {COLING-ACL} '98}, year = 1998, pages = {142--148}, address = {Montreal, Canada} } @Article{ harabagiu99, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu}, title = {From Lexical Cohesion to Textual Coherence - A Data Driven Perspective}, journal = {Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1999, volume = 13, number = 2, pages = {247--265} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_bunescu01, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Razvan C. Bunescu}, title = {Data-Driven Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International FLAIRS Conference (FLAIRS-01)}, year = 2001, pages = {?--?}, address = {Key West, Florida} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_bunescu_etal01, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Razvan C. Bunescu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Text and Knowledge Mining for Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {55--62}, address = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, month = jun } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_maiorano00, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Multilingual Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Language Technology Joint Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing and the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ANLP-NAACL'2000)}, year = 2000, address = {Seattle, Washington} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_maiorano99, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Knowledge-Lean Coreference Resolution and its Relations to Textual Cohesion and Coherence}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL'99 Workshop on the Relationship of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference}, year = 1999, pages = {29--38} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_maiorano99b, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Steven J. Maiorano}, title = {Finding Answers in Large Collections of Texts: Paragraph Indexing + Abductive Inference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Question Answering Systems}, year = 1999, pages = {63--71} } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_moldovan_etal01, author = {Sanda Harabagiu and Dan Moldovan and Marius Pa{\c{s}}ca and Rada Mihalcea and Mihai Surdeanu and R{\u{a}}zvan Bunescu and Roxana G{\^i}rju and Vasile Rus and Paul Mor{\u{a}}rescu}, title = {The Role of Lexico-Semantic Feedback in Open-Domain Textual Question-Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {274--281}, address = {Toulouse, France}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ harabagiu_pasca99, author = {Sanda M. Harabagiu and Marius Pa{\c{s}}ca}, title = {Integrating Symbolic and Statistical Methods for Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International FLAIRS Conference (FLAIRS-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {303--307}, address = {Orlando, Florida} } @Article{ haralick_elliot80, author = {R. M. Haralick and G. L. Elliot}, title = {Increasing Tree Search Efficiency for Constraint Satisfaction Problems}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 14, pages = {263--313} } @InProceedings{ hararbagiu_moldovan_etal01, author = {Sanda Harabagiu and Dan Moldovan and Marius Pa{\c{s}}ca and Mihai Surdeanu and Rada Mihalcea and Roxana G{\^i}rju and Vasile Rus and Finley L{\u{a}}c{\u{a}}tu{\c{s}}u and Paul Mor{\u{a}}rescu and R{\u{a}}zvan Bunescu}, title = {Answering Complex, List and Context Questions with {LCC}'s Question-Answering Server}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {355--361} } @Book{ harold97, author = {Elliotte Rusty Harold}, title = {Java Network Programming}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 1997, address = {Sebastopol, California} } @Book{ harold_means04, author = {Elliotte Rusty Harold and W. Scott Means}, title = {XML in a Nutshell}, publisher = {O'Reilly}, year = 2004, address = {Sebastopol, California} } @Book{ harper_stalnaker_etal81, editor = {W. L. Harper and R. Stalnaker and G Pearce}, title = {Ifs}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1981, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ harris84, author = {L. R. Harris}, title = {Experiences with {INTELLECT}, Artificial Intelligence Transfer}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = 1984, volume = 7, pages = 419 } @Article{ hart_nilsson_etal68, author = {Peter E. Hart and Nils J. Nilsson and Bertram Raphael}, title = {A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics}, year = 1968, volume = 4, number = 2, pages = {100--107}, month = jul } @InCollection{ hartrumpf00, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Partial Evaluation for Efficient Access to Inheritance Lexicons}, editor = {Nicolas Nicolov and Ruslan Mitkov}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing II: Selected Papers from RANLP'97}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = 2000, volume = 189, series = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory}, pages = {57--68}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf01b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Coreference Resolution with Syntactico-Semantic Rules and Corpus Statistics}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Computational Natural Language Learning Workshop (CoNLL-2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {137--144}, address = {Toulouse, France}, month = jul, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W01-0717} } @PhDThesis{ hartrumpf02, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Hybrid Disambiguation in Natural Language Analysis}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 2002, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jun } @Book{ hartrumpf03, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Hybrid Disambiguation in Natural Language Analysis}, publisher = {Der Andere Verlag}, year = 2003, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany}, isbn = {3-89959-080-5} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf04, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Question Answering using Sentence Parsing and Semantic Network Matching}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {385--392}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2004/working_notes/WorkingNotes2004/47.pdf} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf05, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Question Answering using Sentence Parsing and Semantic Network Matching}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {512--521}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_50} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf05b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2005: Extending Knowledge and Deepening Linguistic Processing for Question Answering}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2005/working_notes/workingnotes2005/hartrumpf05.pdf} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf06, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Extending Knowledge and Deepening Linguistic Processing for the Question Answering System {InSicht}}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Henning M{\"u}ller and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {361--369}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-45697-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11878773_41} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf06b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Adapting a Semantic Question Answering System to the Web}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the EACL 2006 Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering (MLQA'06)}, year = 2006, pages = {61--68}, address = {Trento, Italy}, month = apr, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-1909}, isbn = {2-9524532-4-1} } @MastersThesis{ hartrumpf93, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{E}in {S}ystem zum {E}rkennen von {G}eschwindigkeitsbeschr{\"a}nkungen}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1993, type = {Studienarbeit}, address = {Koblenz, Germany}, month = aug } @TechReport{ hartrumpf94, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{IBL}: {A}n Inheritance-Based Lexicon Formalism}, institution = {University of Georgia}, year = 1994, type = {AI-report}, number = {{1994-05}}, address = {Artificial Intelligence Center, Athens, Georgia}, url = {http://www.ai.uga.edu/ftplib/ai-reports/ai199405.ps} } @TechReport{ hartrumpf95, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{W}ie man {V}erbvalenz redundanzarm beschreiben kann}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1995, type = {{I}nternes {A}rbeitspapier}, address = {Koblenz, Germany} } @MastersThesis{ hartrumpf96, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {{R}edundanzarme {L}exika durch {V}ererbung}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1996, address = {Koblenz, Germany}, month = jun } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf97, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Partial Evaluation for Efficient Access to Inheritance Lexicons}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP'97)}, year = 1997, pages = {43--50}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9808013} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf99b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Hybrid Disambiguation of Prepositional Phrase Attachment and Interpretation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {111--120}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W99-0614} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_gloeckner_etal07, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2007: Coreference Resolution for Questions and Answer Merging}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2007/working_notes/hartrumpfCLEF2007.pdf} , isbn = {2-912335-32-9} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_helbig02, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig}, title = {The Generation and Use of Layer Information in Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks}, editor = {Petr Sojka and Ivan Kope{\v c}ek and Karel Pala}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue (TSD 2002)}, year = 2002, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, volume = 2448, pages = {89--98}, address = {Brno, Czech Republic}, month = sep, url = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/qdp316huhhhh/} } @Article{ hartrumpf_helbig_etal03, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Rainer Osswald}, title = {The Semantically Based Computer Lexicon {HaGenLex} -- {S}tructure and Technological Environment}, journal = {Traitement Automatique des Langues}, year = 2003, volume = 44, number = 2, pages = {81--105} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_helbig_etal06, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Semantic Interpretation of Prepositions for {NLP} Applications}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on Prepositions}, year = 2006, pages = {29--36}, address = {Trento, Italy}, month = apr, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W06-2105} } @Article{ hartrumpf_helbig_etal06b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Johannes Leveling and Rainer Osswald}, title = {An Architecture for Controlling Simple Language in Web Pages}, journal = {eMinds: International Journal on Human-Computer Interaction}, year = 2006, volume = 1, number = 2, pages = {93--112}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_leveling06, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {QA@CLEF} 2006: Interpretation and Normalization of Temporal Expressions}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2006/working_notes/workingnotes2006/hartrumpfCLEF2006.pdf} , isbn = {2-912335-23-x} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf_leveling07, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Interpretation and Normalization of Temporal Expressions for Question Answering}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {432--439}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74999-8_51}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1} } @InCollection{ hartrumpf_leveling07b, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Combining Approaches for Classifying Metonymy of Named Locations}, editor = {Jos{\'e} Neves and Manuel Filipe Santos and Jos{\'e} Manuel Machado}, booktitle = {New Trends in {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence}, publisher = {Tipografia Tadinense}, year = 2007, pages = {767--778}, address = {Braga, Portugal}, isbn = {978-989-95618-0-9}, annote = { isbn 13-978-989-95618-0-9 Proceedings of the 13th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence (EPIA 2007), 2nd Workshop on Text Mining and Applications, at Guimar\~{a}es, Portugal} } @InProceedings{ hartrumpf_schulz97, author = {Sven Hartrumpf and Marion Schulz}, title = {Reducing Lexical Redundancy by Augmenting Conceptual Knowledge}, editor = {Gerhard Brewka and Christopher Habel and Bernhard Nebel}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({KI}-97)}, year = 1997, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {393--396}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1303, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3540634932_35} } @Article{ hartung66, author = {W. Hartung}, title = {Zur {B}ehandlung der {N}egation im {D}eutschunterricht an {A}usl{\"a}nder}, journal = {Deutsch als Fremdsprache}, year = 1966, volume = 2, pages = 19, publisher = {Herder-Institut}, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ haugh87, author = {Brian A. Haugh}, title = {Non-Standard Semantics for the Method of Temporal Arguments}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1987, pages = {449--455}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @Book{ hausser96, editor = {Roland Hausser}, title = {{L}inguistische {V}erifikation -- {D}okumentation zur ersten {M}orpholympics}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1996, series = {Sprache und{ I}nformation -- {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur philologischen und linguistischen {D}atenverarbeitung, {I}nformatik und {I}nformationswissenschaften}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ hawking91, author = {Stephen W. Hawking}, title = {{E}ine kurze {G}eschichte der {Z}eit}, publisher = {Rowohlt}, year = 1991, address = {Reinbek bei Hamburg} } @InProceedings{ hawkinson75, author = {L. Hawkinson}, title = {The Representation of Concepts in OWL}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 4th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-75})}, year = 1975, pages = {107--114}, address = {Tbilissi} } @InCollection{ healey83, author = {Richard A. Healey}, title = {Temporal and causal asymmetry}, editor = {Richard Swinburne}, booktitle = {Space, time and causality}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1983, pages = {79--103}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ heidorn_jensen_etal82, author = {G. E. Heidorn and K. Jensen and L. A. Miller and R. J. Byrd and M. S. Chodorow}, title = {The {EPISTLE} Text Critique System}, journal = {IBM System Journal}, year = 1982, volume = 21, number = 3, pages = {305--326} } @InCollection{ heim83, author = {I. Heim}, title = {{F}ile {C}hange {S}emantics and the {F}amiliarity {T}heory of {D}efiniteness}, editor = {R. B{\"a}uerle and others}, booktitle = {Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language}, publisher = {de Gruyter}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin} } @Misc{ heinemann_weihrauch88, author = {B. Heinemann and K. Weihrauch}, title = {Kurs 1825 -- {L}ogik f{\"u}r {I}nformatiker}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1988 } @Book{ heinhold76, author = {J. Heinhold}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die H{\"o}here {M}athematik, {T}eil 1}, publisher = {Carl Hanser Verlag}, year = 1976, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Wien}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ heinrich_jungst91, author = {M. Heinrich and E. W. Jungst}, title = {A Resource-based Paradigm for the Configuration of Technical Systems from Modular Components}, booktitle = {Proc. CAIA-91}, year = 1991, pages = {257--264} } @Book{ helbig01, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Die semantische {S}truktur nat{\"u}rlicher {S}prache: {W}issensrepr{\"a}sentation mit {MultiNet}}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2001, address = {Berlin} } @Misc{ helbig04, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Scherer}, title = {Kurs 1830 -- {N}euronale {N}etze}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 2004 } @InProceedings{ helbig05, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Meaning Representation with Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Florida Artificial Intelligence Conference ({FLAIRS-05})}, year = 2005, pages = {32--37} } @Misc{ helbig05c, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1697 -- {K}{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz und automatische {W}issensverarbeitung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 2005 } @Book{ helbig06, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/book/978-3-540-24461-5} } @Book{ helbig08, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Wissensverarbeitung und die Semantik der Nat{\"u}rlichen Sprache - Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation mit MultiNet}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2008, address = {Berlin}, edition = 2, annote = {2. {\"u}berarbeitete Auflage von \[Helbig 2006\]}, url = {http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/book/978-3-540-76276-8} } @PhDThesis{ helbig76, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{FM72} - ein {S}ystem zur symbolischen {F}ormelmanipulation}, school = {Technische Hochschule Chemnitz}, year = 1976, type = {Dissertation {A}}, address = {Chemnitz} } @InProceedings{ helbig77, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {A new method for deductive answer finding in a question-answering system}, editor = {B. Gilchrist}, booktitle = {Proceedings IFIP Congress 1977}, year = 1977, series = {Information Processing}, pages = {389--393}, organization = {IFIP}, publisher = {North-Holland} } @InProceedings{ helbig79, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{D}as {F}rage-{A}ntwort-{S}ystem. {FAS-80} und seine {A}nwendung zur {V}erwaltung von {P}rogrammbibliotheken}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Algorithmus}, year = 1979, pages = {271--276}, address = {Strbske Pleso, {CSSR}}, month = apr } @InProceedings{ helbig80, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Natural Language Communication with the Question Answering System {FAS-80}}, booktitle = {First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Control Systems of Robots}, year = 1980, address = {Smolenice, CSSR} } @InProceedings{ helbig82, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {On the Relationship between {AI} Knowledge Representation via Semantic Networks and Relational Data Models}, booktitle = {Proc. 2-nd Symp. on AI and information-control systems of robots}, year = 1982, pages = {115--118}, address = {Smolenice CSSR} } @PhDThesis{ helbig83, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{S}emantische {R}epr{\"a}sentation von {W}issen in einem {F}rage-{A}ntwort-{S}ystem}, school = {Akademie der Wissenschaften}, year = 1983, type = {Dissertation {B ({H}abilitation)}, {P}art {I+II}}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ helbig84, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Natural Language Access to the Database of the {AIDOS/VS} Information Retrieval System}, editor = {I. Plander}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence and Information-Control Systems of Robots}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1984, pages = {171--174}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ helbig86, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Syntactic-semantic Analysis of Natural Language by a new word-class controlled functional analysis}, journal = {Computers and Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1986, volume = 5, number = 1, pages = {53--59} } @InProceedings{ helbig86a, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Necessary Contributions of Cognitive Psychology to Computer Knowledge Representation}, editor = {F. Klix and H. Wandtke}, booktitle = {Proc. MACINTER-Conference: Man-computer interaction research}, year = 1986, pages = {89--96}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, publisher = {North-Holland} } @TechReport{ helbig94, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {{D}er {E}insatz von {W}ortklassenagenten f{\"u}r die automatische {S}prachverarbeitung -- {T}eil {II} -- {D}ie vier {V}erarbeitungsstufen}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 159, address = {Hagen, Germany}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-1994-hagen.pdf} } @Misc{ helbig94a, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1697 -- {K}{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz und automatische {W}issensverarbeitung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1994 } @Misc{ helbig95, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1698 -- {G}rundlagen der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1995 } @Book{ helbig96, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {K{\"u}nstliche {I}ntelligenz und automatische {W}issensverarbeitung}, publisher = {Verlag Technik}, year = 1996, address = {Berlin}, edition = 2 } @TechReport{ helbig97, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Der {MESNET} {P}rimer -- {D}ie {D}arstellungsmittel der {M}ehrschichtigen {E}rweiterten {S}emantischen {N}etze}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1997, type = {Technische {D}okumentation}, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jan } @InProceedings{ helbig97b, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks as an Adequate Formalism for Meaning Representation and Cognitive Modelling}, booktitle = {5th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference}, year = 1997, pages = {}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, month = jul } @Misc{ helbig98, author = {Hermann Helbig}, title = {Kurs 1699 -- {A}utomatische {S}prachverarbeitung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1998 } @Article{ helbig_boettger_etal90, author = {Hermann Helbig and H. B{\"o}ttger and F. Ficker and P. String and F. Z{\"a}nker}, title = {The Natural Language Interface {NLI-AIDOS}}, journal = {Journal of New Generation Computing Systems}, year = 1990, pages = {221--246}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner06, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Towards a Logical Foundation of Semantic Networks: A Typology of Descriptive Means for Semantic Inference}, editor = {Johan Bos and Alexander Koller}, booktitle = {Inference in Computational Semantics ICoS-5, Workshop Proceedings}, year = 2006, pages = {151--156}, address = {Buxton, UK} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner07, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Reasoning over Semantic Networks - A Typology of Axioms for Natural Language Inference}, editor = {Gautam Sengupta and Soma Paul and Renjini Narendranath and Rajasekhar Batchu}, booktitle = {Workshop on Modeling and Representation in Computational Semantics (MRCS-07)}, year = 2007, pages = {30--34}, address = {Hyderabad, India} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner07b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {The Role of Intensional and Extensional Interpretation in Semantic Representations -- {T}he Intensional and Preextensional Layers in {MultiNet}}, editor = {Bernadette Sharp and Michael Zock}, booktitle = {Natural Language Processing and Cognitive Science. Proc.\ of the 4th Int. Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Cognitive Science (NLPCS 2007)}, year = 2007, pages = {92--105}, publisher = {INSTICC Press, Portugal} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gloeckner_etal08, author = {Hermann Helbig and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Layer Structures and Conceptual Hierarchies in Semantic Representations for {NLP}}, editor = {Alexander Gelbukh}, booktitle = {CICLing 2008}, year = 2008, series = {LNCS}, volume = 4919, pages = {171--182}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich02, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Multilayered {E}xtended {S}emantic {N}etworks as a Language for Meaning Representation in {NLP} Systems}, editor = {Alexander Gelbukh}, booktitle = {Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing 2002)}, year = 2002, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 2276, pages = {69--85}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich02b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich}, title = {Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks as a Language for Meaning Representation in {NLP} Systems}, editor = {Graham Katz and Sabine Reinhard and Philip Reuter}, booktitle = {Sinn und Bedeutung VI: Proceedings of the 6th Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Semantik}, year = 2002, pages = {99--113}, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany}, url = {http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/asw/gfs/common/procSuB6/sites/index2.htm} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich_etal00, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Johannes Leveling}, title = {Nat{\"u}rlichsprachlicher {Z}ugang zu {I}nformationsanbietern im {I}nternet und zu lokalen {D}atenbanken}, editor = {Klaus-Dirk Schmitz}, booktitle = {Sprachtechnologie f{\"u}r eine dynamische Wirtschaft im Medienzeitalter}, year = 2000, pages = {79--94}, address = {Wien, Austria}, publisher = {TermNet} } @TechReport{ helbig_gnoerlich_etal96, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Dirk Menke}, title = {Realization of a User-friendly Access to Networked Information Retrieval Systems}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1996, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 196, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @InProceedings{ helbig_gnoerlich_etal97, author = {Hermann Helbig and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Dirk Menke}, title = {Realization of a User-friendly Access to Networked Information Retrieval Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Natural Language Processing for the World Wide Web}, year = 1997, pages = {62--71}, address = {Stanford, California} } @InProceedings{ helbig_hartrumpf97, author = {Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {Word Class Functions for Syntactic-Semantic Analysis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP'97)}, year = 1997, pages = {312--317}, address = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria}, month = sep } @TechReport{ helbig_herold95, author = {Hermann Helbig and C. Herold}, title = {{MESNET} -- {A} {M}ultilayered {E}xtended {S}emantic {N}etwork}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1995, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 185, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @TechReport{ helbig_herold_etal94, author = {Hermann Helbig and Claus Herold and Marion Schulz}, title = {A Three Level Classification of Entities for Knowledge Representation Systems}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 162, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @TechReport{ helbig_mertens94a, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{D}er {E}insatz von {W}ort\-klassen\-agenten f{\"u}r die automatische {S}prachverarbeitung -- {T}eil {I} -- {{\"U}}berblick {\"u}ber das {G}esamtsystem}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 158, address = {Hagen}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-mertens-1994-hagen.pdf} } @InProceedings{ helbig_mertens94b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{W}ord {A}gent {B}ased {N}atural {L}anguage {P}rocessing}, editor = {Loe Boves and Anton Nijholt}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th Twente Workshop on Language Technology -- Speech and Language Engineering, Twente, 1 and 2 December 1994}, year = 1994, pages = {65--74}, address = {Enschede}, organization = {Universiteit Twente, Fakulteit Informatica} } @TechReport{ helbig_mertens95, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens}, title = {{T}he {W}ord {C}lass {A}gent {M}achine}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1995, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 169, address = {Hagen}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-mertens-1995-hagen.pdf} } @InProceedings{ helbig_mertens_etal94a, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{D}ie {R}olle des {L}exikons bei der {D}isambiguierung}, editor = {Harald Trost}, booktitle = {KONVENS-94 -- Verarbeitung nat{\"u}rlicher Sprache}, year = 1994, pages = {151--160}, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ helbig_mertens_etal94b, author = {Hermann Helbig and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{D}isambiguierung mit {W}ortklassenagenten}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1994, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 168, address = {Hagen}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/helbig-mertens-schulz-1994-hagen.pdf} } @Book{ helbig_rickens69, author = {G. Helbig and W. Rickens}, title = {{D}ie {N}egation}, publisher = {{VEB} Verlag Enzyklop{\"a}die}, year = 1969 } @Book{ helbig_rickens75, author = {G. Helbig and W. Rickens}, title = {{D}ie {N}egation}, publisher = {{VEB} Verlag Enzyklop{\"a}die}, year = 1969 } @Book{ helbig_schenkel69, author = {Gerhard Helbig and Wolfgang Schenkel}, title = {{W}{\"o}rterbuch zur {V}alenz und {D}istribution deutscher {V}erben}, publisher = {{VEB} Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1969, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ helbig_schenkel83, author = {Gerhard Helbig and Wolfgang Schenkel}, title = {W{\"o}rterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Verben}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1983, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ helbig_schulz96, author = {Hermann Helbig and Marion Schulz}, title = {Knowledge Representation with {MESNET} -- {A} Multilayered Extended Semantic Network}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1996, type = {Informatik-Berichte}, number = 197, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @InProceedings{ helbig_schulz97, author = {Hermann Helbig and Marion Schulz}, title = {Knowledge Representation with {MESNET}: {A} Multilayered Extended Semantic Network}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Ontological Engineering}, year = 1997, pages = {64--72}, address = {Stanford, California} } @Book{ helman88, editor = {D. H. Helman}, title = {Analogical Reasoning}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1988, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ hemforth93, author = {Barbara Hemforth}, title = {{K}ognitives {P}arsing: {R}epr{\"a}sentation und {V}erarbeitung sprachlichen {W}issens}, publisher = {Infix}, year = 1993, volume = 40, series = {Dissertationen zur {K}{\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz ({DISKI})}, address = {Sankt Augustin, Germany} } @InProceedings{ hendrix75, author = {G. G. Hendrix}, title = {Expanding the Utility of Semantic Networks through Partitioning}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th AI-Congress}, year = 1975, pages = {115--121}, address = {Tbilissi} } @InCollection{ hendrix79, author = {G. G. Hendrix}, title = {Encoding Knowledge in Partitioned Networks}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks -- Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {51--92}, address = {New York}, bib = {HA} } @Article{ hengel_pfeifer05, author = {Christel Hengel and Barbara Pfeifer}, title = {Kooperation der {P}ersonennamendatei ({PND}) mit {W}ikipedia}, journal = {Dialog mit Bibliotheken}, year = 2005, volume = 17, number = 3, pages = {18--24} } @Book{ hermes67, author = {Hans Hermes}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {V}erbandstheorie}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1967, address = {Berlin}, edition = 2, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @TechReport{ hermodsson78, author = {L. Hermodsson}, title = {{S}emantische {S}trukturen der {S}atzgef{\"u}ge im kausalen und konditionalen {B}ereich}, institution = {University of Uppsala}, year = 1978, type = {Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis}, address = {Uppsala} } @InProceedings{ herrera_penas_etal04, author = {Jes{\'u}s Herrera and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Felisa Verdejo}, title = {Question Answering Pilot Task at {CLEF} 2004}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {445--452}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ herrera_penas_etal05, author = {Jes{\'u}s Herrera and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Felisa Verdejo}, title = {Question Answering Pilot Task at {CLEF} 2004}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {581--590}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_57}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Book{ herskovits86, author = {Anette Herskovits}, title = {Language and Spatial Cognition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1986, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Book{ hertzberg89, author = {Joachim Hertzberg}, title = {Planen -- {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {P}lanerstellungsmethoden der {K}{\"u}nstlichen {I}ntelligenz}, publisher = {{BI} Wissenschaftsverlag}, year = 1989, address = {Mannheim} } @InCollection{ herzog_rist90, author = {G. Herzog and T. Rist and E. Andre}, title = {Sprache und {R}aum: {N}at{\"u}rlichsprachlicher {Z}ugang zu visuellen {D}aten}, editor = {C. F. und C. Habel}, booktitle = {Repr{\"a}sentation und Verarbeitung r{\"a}umlichen Wissens}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1990, pages = {207--220}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ herzog_rollinger91, editor = {O. Herzog and C.-R. Rollinger}, title = {Text Understanding in LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ hewstone89, author = {Miles Hewstone}, title = {Causal attribution: from cognitive processes to collective beliefs}, publisher = {Basil Blackwell Ltd.}, year = 1989, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ heydrich78, author = {W. Heydrich}, title = {Argumentrollenindikatoren}, editor = {C. Biasci and J. Fritsche}, booktitle = {Texttheorie, Textrepr{\"a}sentation -- Theoretische Grundlagen der kanonischen sinnsemantischen Repr{\"a}sentation von Texten}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, year = 1978, number = 18, series = {Papiere zur Textlinguistik}, pages = {97--113}, address = {Hamburg}, bib = {DO} } @Article{ heyting30, author = {A. Heyting}, title = {Die formalen {R}egeln der intuitionistischen {L}ogik}, journal = {Sitzungsberichte der Preu{\ss}ischen Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl}, year = 1930, pages = {42--56} } @Book{ hill_lloyd94, author = {P. M. Hill and J. W. Lloyd}, title = {The G{\"o}del Programming Language}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1994, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ hillis85, author = {D. W. Hillis}, title = {The Connection Machine}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ himsolt96, author = {M. Himsolt}, title = {The Graphlet System}, booktitle = {Symposium of Graph Drawing, GD '96}, year = 1996, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {233--240}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1190 } @InProceedings{ hindle90, author = {Donald M. Hindle}, title = {Noun Classification from Predicate-Argument Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1990, pages = {268--275} } @Article{ hindle_rooth93, author = {Donald Hindle and Mats Rooth}, title = {Structural Ambiguity and Lexical Relations}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1993, volume = 19, number = 1, pages = {103--120}, month = mar, annote = {prepositional phrase attachment, lexical preference, parsing} } @Book{ hinst74, author = {Peter Hinst}, title = {{L}ogische {P}rop{\"a}deutik}, publisher = {Wilhelm Fink}, year = 1974, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ hintikka73, author = {J. Hintikka}, title = {Grammar an Logic: Some Borderline Problems}, editor = {J. Hintikka and J. Moravcsik and P. Suppes}, booktitle = {Approaches to Natural Language}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1973, pages = 197, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ hirschman_chinchor97, author = {Lynette Hirschman and Nancy Chinchor}, title = {{MUC-7} Coreference Task Definition (Version 3.0)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}, year = 1997, url = {http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/} } @InProceedings{ hirschman_robinson_etal98, author = {Lynette Hirschman and Patricia Robinson and John Burger and Marc Vilain}, title = {Automating Coreference: The Role of Annotated Training Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Applying Machine Learning to Discourse Processing}, year = 1998, pages = {}, address = {Stanford, California}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9803001} } @Book{ hirst87, author = {Graeme Hirst}, title = {Semantic Interpretation and the Resolution of Ambiguity}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1987, series = {Studies in Natural Language Processing}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ hobbs86, author = {Jerry A. Hobbs}, title = {Resolving Pronoun References}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {339--352}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ hobbs86b, author = {Jerry R. Hobbs}, title = {Overview of the {TACITUS} Project}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1986, volume = 12, number = 3, pages = {220--222}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ hobbs88, author = {Hobbs, Jerry R. and Stickel, Mark and Martin, Paul and Edwards, Douglas D.}, title = {Interpretation as abduction}, booktitle = {26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference}, year = 1988, pages = {95--103}, address = {Buffalo, New York} } @InCollection{ hobbs_appelt_etal97, author = {Jerry R. Hobbs and Douglas Appelt and John Bear and David Israel and Megumi Kameyama and Mark Stickel and Mabry Tyson}, title = {{FASTUS}: {A} Cascaded Finite-State Transducer for Extracting Information from Natural-Language Text}, editor = {Emmanuel Roche and Yves Schabes}, booktitle = {Finite-State Language Processing}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1997, pages = {383--406}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ hoeppner_etal83, author = {W. Hoeppner and others}, title = {Beyond Domain-independence: Experience with the Development of a {G}erman Language Access System to highly Diverse Background System}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-83)}, year = 1983, pages = {588--594}, address = {Karlsruhe} } @Book{ hoffmann86, author = {J. Hoffmann}, title = {Die {W}elt der {B}egriffe}, publisher = {Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften}, year = 1986, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ hofstadter86, author = {D. G. Hofstadter}, title = {G{\"o}del, {E}scher, {B}ach: {E}in ewiges geflochtenes {B}and}, publisher = {Klett-Cotta}, year = 1986, address = {Stuttgart} } @InCollection{ holland_rossol_etal79, author = {S. W. Holland and L. Rossol and M. R. Ward}, title = {{CONSIGHT-1}: A Vision-controlled Robot System for Transferring parts from Belt Conveyors}, editor = {G. G. Dodd and L. Rossol}, booktitle = {Computer vision and sensor based robots}, publisher = {Plenum}, year = 1979, pages = {81--100}, address = {New York} } @Book{ holt87, author = {Brian P. Holt}, title = {UNIMARC Manual}, publisher = {British Library}, year = 1987, address = {London} } @Book{ hopcroft_ullman79, author = {John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman}, title = {Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1979, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601 K-1699} } @InProceedings{ horrocks99, author = {I. Horrocks and U. Sattler and S. Tobies}, title = {Practical Reasoning for Expressive Description Logics}, editor = {H. Ganzinger and D. McAllester and A. Voronkov}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Logic for Programming and Automated Reasoning {(LPAR'99)}}, year = 1999, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {161--180}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, number = 1705, url = {download/1999/lpar99.ps.gz} } @Article{ horrocks_patel-schneider_etal03, author = {I. Horrocks and P. Patel-Schneider and F. {van Harmelen}}, title = {From {SHIQ} and {RDF} to {OWL}: The Making of a Web Ontology Language}, journal = {Journal of Web Semantics}, year = 2003, volume = 1, number = 1, pages = {7--26} } @Article{ hovy93, author = {Eduard H. Hovy}, title = {Automated Discourse Generation Using Discourse Structure Relations}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1993, volume = 63, pages = {341--385} } @InProceedings{ hovy_gerber_etal01, author = {Eduard Hovy and Laurie Gerber and Ulf Hermjakob and Michael Junk and Chin-Yew Lin}, title = {Question Answering in Webclopedia}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the TREC-9 Conference, NIST}, year = 2001, address = {Information Sciences Institute University of Southern California} } @Book{ huber96, author = {Gerald Huber}, title = {{JAVA:} die Referenz}, publisher = {Heise}, year = 1996, address = {Hannover} } @InProceedings{ humphreys_gaizauskas_etal98, author = {Kevin Humphreys and Robert Gaizauskas and Saliha Azzam and C. Huyck and B. Mitchell and H. Cunningham and Yorick Wilks}, title = {University of {S}heffield: Description of the {LaSIE-II} System as Used for {MUC-7}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}, year = 1998, url = {http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/} } @Article{ hwang_gosh_etal87, author = {K. Hwang and J. Gosh and R. Chowkwanyun}, title = {Computer Architectures for Artificial Intelligence Processing}, journal = {Computer}, year = 1987, volume = 20, number = 1 } @Proceedings{ iecon91, title = {Proc. International Conference on {AI} Applications (IECON 91)}, year = 1991, volume = {1-3}, address = {Kobe, Japan}, publisher = {IEEE New York}, key = {IECON} } @InCollection{ iris_litowitz_etal88, author = {M. A. Iris and B. E. Litowitz and M. Evens}, title = {Problems of the Part-Whole Relation}, editor = {M. Evens}, booktitle = {Relational Models of the Lexicon -- Representing Knowledge in Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1988, chapter = 12, pages = {261--288}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @PhDThesis{ ismail01, author = {Haythem O. Ismail}, title = {Reasoning and Acting in Time}, school = {University at Buffalo, the State University of New York: Department of Computer Science and Engineering}, year = 2001, type = {Technical Report 2001-11} } @Book{ iso_prolog95, editor = {ISO}, title = {ISO/IEC 13211: Information Technology -- Programming Languages -- Prolog -- Part 1: General Core}, publisher = {International Organization for Standardization}, year = 1995, mon = jun } @Book{ iso_prologb95, editor = {ISO}, title = {ISO/IEC 13211: Information Technology -- Programming Languages -- Prolog -- Part 2: Modules (Working Draft 8.1)}, publisher = {International Organization for Standardization}, year = 1995, mon = aug } @Book{ iwanska_shapiro_etal00, editor = {L. Iwanska and S. Shapiro and C. Stuart and M. Lucja}, title = {Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 2000, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jackendoff72, author = {Ray Jacken\-doff}, title = {Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1972, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jackendoff83, author = {Ray Jacken\-doff}, title = {Semantics and Cognition}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1983, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jackendoff90, author = {Ray Jackendoff}, title = {Semantic Structures}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1990, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ jacobs94, author = {Joachim Jacobs}, title = {{K}ontra {V}alenz}, publisher = {WVT}, year = 1994, address = {Trier} } @Book{ jacobson_christerson_etal92, author = {Ivar Jacobson and Magnus Christerson and Patrik Jonsson and Gunnar {\"O}vergaard}, title = {Object-Oriented Software Engineering -- {A} Use Case Driven Approach}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1992, address = {Wokingham, England} } @Book{ jaegle80, author = {Pierre Jaegle}, title = {Grundfragen naturwissenschaftlicher und philosophischer Erkenntnis}, publisher = {Pahl-{R}ugenstein}, year = 1980, address = {K{\"o}ln} } @Article{ jaffar_maher94, author = {Joxan Jaffar and Michael J. Maher}, title = {Constraint Logic Programming: a Survey}, journal = {Journal of Logic Programming}, year = 1994, volume = {19,20}, pages = {503--581} } @InCollection{ janas_schwind79, author = {J. M. Janas and C. B. Schwind}, title = {Extensional {S}emantic {N}etworks}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks -- Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {267--305}, address = {New York}, bib = {HA} } @TechReport{ jenge05, author = {Constantin Jenge}, title = {{BenToWeb} Deliverable {D6.1}}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2005, annote = {Description of Syntactic-semantic Phenomena which can be Automatically Controlled by {NLP} Techniques if Set as Criteria by Certain Guidelines} } @InProceedings{ jenge_hartrumpf_etal06, author = {Constantin Jenge and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Automatic Control of Simple Language in Web Pages}, editor = {Klaus Miesenberger and Joachim Klaus and Wolfgang Zagler and Arthur Karshmer}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs (ICCHP 2006)}, year = 2006, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 4061, pages = {207--214}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {3-540-36020-4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11788713_31} } @InProceedings{ jijkoun_mishne_etal04, author = {Valentin Jijkoun and Gilad Mishne and Maarten {de Rijke} and Stefan Schlobach and David Ahn and Karin M{\"u}ller}, title = {The {U}niversity of {A}msterdam at {QA@CLEF} 2004}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {321--324}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @Book{ johnson-laird83, author = {Philip N. Johnson-Laird}, title = {Mental {M}odels: {T}owards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = 1983, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, bib = {DO C13136} } @Article{ johnson91, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Features and Formulae}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1991, volume = 17, number = 1, pages = {131--151}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ johnson91b, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Logic and Feature Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1991, volume = 2, pages = {992--996} } @Article{ johnson94, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Two Ways of Formalizing Grammars}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 1994, volume = 17, pages = {221--248} } @Article{ johnson94b, author = {Mark Johnson}, title = {Computing with Features as Formulae}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1994, volume = 20, number = 1, pages = {1--25}, month = mar } @Book{ jones79, author = {D. S. Jones Jones}, title = {Elementary Information Theory}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1979, address = {Oxford}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ jones_gomard_etal93, author = {Neil D. Jones and Carsten K. Gomard and Peter Sestoft}, title = {Partial Evaluation and Automatic Program Generation}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1993, address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey} } @InProceedings{ jones_purves_etal02, author = {Christopher B. Jones and R. Purves and Anne Ruas and Mark Sanderson and Monika Sester and Marc J. {van Kreveld} and Robert Weibel}, title = {Spatial information retrieval and geographical ontologies -- An overview of the {SPIRIT} project}, booktitle = {SIGIR 2002}, year = 2002, pages = {387--388} } @Book{ jones_somers97, editor = {Daniel Jones and Harold Somers}, title = {New Methods in Language Processing}, publisher = {University College Press}, year = 1997, address = {London} } @InCollection{ joshi85, author = {Aravind K. Joshi}, title = {Tree adjoining grammars: {H}ow much context-sensitivity is required to provide reasonable structural descriptions?}, pages = {206--250}, crossref = {dowty_karttunen_etal85} } @InProceedings{ juarez-gonzalez_tellez-valero_etal06, author = {Antonio Ju{\'a}rez-Gonzalez and Alberto T{\'e}llez-Valero and Claudia Denicia-Carral and Manuel Montes-y-G{\'o}mez and Luis Villase{\~n}or-Pineda}, title = {{INAOE} at {CLEF} 2006: Experiments in {S}panish Question Answering}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, Spanish, almost NLP-free} } @Book{ juhos54, author = {B. Juhos}, title = {{E}lemente der neuen {L}ogik}, publisher = {Humbolt Verlag}, year = 1954, address = {Frankfurt/M.} } @Book{ jung82, author = {W. Jung}, title = {Grammatik der Deutschen {S}prache}, publisher = {Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1982, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ kamei_wakao92, author = {{Shin-ichiro} Kamei and Takahiro Wakao}, title = {Metonymy: {R}eassessment, Survey of Acceptability, and its Treatment in Machine Translation Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'92)}, year = 1992, pages = {309--311}, address = {Newark, Delaware} } @InProceedings{ kameyama97, author = {Megumi Kameyama}, title = {Recognizing Referential Links: An Information Extraction Perspective}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {46--53}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Manual{ kamins85, author = {S. Kamins}, title = {Instruction Manual Q \& A version 1.0}, organization = {Symantec}, address = {Cupertino}, year = 1985, note = {Symantec Doc. No.1-001} } @InCollection{ kamp81, author = {H. Kamp}, title = {{A} {T}heory of {T}ruth and {S}emantic {R}epresentation}, editor = {I. A. G. Groenendijk}, booktitle = {Formal Methods in the Study of Language}, publisher = {Mathematic Centrum}, year = 1981, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ kamp_reyle93, author = {Hans Kamp and Uwe Reyle}, title = {From Discourse to Logic: Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1993, series = {Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, number = 42 } @Book{ kant76, author = {Immanuel Kant}, title = {Kritik der reinen {V}ernunft}, publisher = {Meiner}, year = 1976, address = {Hamburg} } @InCollection{ kaplan_bresnan82, author = {Ronald M. Kaplan and Joan W. Bresnan}, title = {Lexical-Functional Grammar: A Formal System for Grammatical Representation}, editor = {Joan W. Bresnan}, booktitle = {The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1982, pages = {173--281}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ karttunen84, author = {L. Karttunen}, title = {Features and Values}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 84)}, year = 1984, pages = {28--33} } @InProceedings{ kasper87, author = {Robert T. Kasper}, title = {A Unification Method for Disjunctive Feature Descriptions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1987, pages = {235--?} } @InProceedings{ kasper_rounds86, author = {Robert T. Kasper and William C. Rounds}, title = {A Logical Semantics for Feature Structures}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1986, pages = {257--266} } @Article{ katz87, author = {Slava M. Katz}, title = {Estimation of Probabilities from Sparse Data for the Language Model Component of a Speech Recognizer}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}, year = 1987, volume = 35, number = 3, pages = {400--401}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ katz88, author = {Boris Katz}, title = {Using {E}nglish for indexing and retrieving}, booktitle = {Proc. 2nd RIAO Conference on User-Oriented Content-Based Text and Image Handling (RIAO '88)}, year = 1988, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ katz97, author = {Boris Katz}, title = {Annotating the World Wide Web Using Natural Language}, booktitle = {Proc. 5th RIAO Conference on computer Assisted Information Searching on the Internet}, year = 1997, address = {Montreal, Canada} } @InCollection{ kaufmann89, author = {Ingrid Kaufmann}, title = {Direktionale {P}r{\"a}positionen}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {128--149}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InCollection{ kay85, author = {Martin Kay}, title = {Parsing in Functional Unification Grammar}, editor = {David R. Dowty and Lauri Karttunen and Arnold M. Zwicky}, booktitle = {Natural Language Parsing}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1985, pages = {251--278}, address = {Cambridge, England}, comment = {avoid cross reference} } @InCollection{ kay85a, author = {Martin Kay}, title = {Parsing in Functional Unification Grammar}, pages = {251--278}, crossref = {dowty_karttunen_etal85} } @InProceedings{ kayaalp_pedersen_etal97, author = {Mehmet Kayaalp and Ted Pedersen and Rebecca Bruce}, title = {A Statistical Decision Making Method: A Case Study on Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-97)}, year = 1997, pages = {33--42}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Manual{ keem84, author = {Intelicorp}, title = {{KEE}-Manual}, organization = {Intelicorp}, address = {Mountain View, California}, year = 1984 } @Book{ keene89, author = {Sonya E. Keene}, title = {Object-Oriented Programming in Common Lisp}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1989, address = {Wokingham, England} } @InProceedings{ kehler97, author = {Andrew Kehler}, title = {Probabilistic Coreference in Information Extraction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-2)}, year = 1997, pages = {163--173}, address = {Providence, Rhode Island}, organization = {Brown University} } @Book{ keller_paul95, author = {J. Keller and W. Paul}, title = {{H}ardware {D}esign. {F}ormaler {E}ntwurf digitaler {S}chaltungen}, publisher = {Teubner}, year = 1995, address = {Stuttgart} } @Article{ kelsey_clinger_etal98, author = {Richard Kelsey and William Clinger and Jonathan Rees}, title = {Revised$^{5}$ Report on the Algorithmic Language {Scheme}}, journal = {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}, year = 1998, volume = 33, number = 9, pages = {26--76}, month = sep } @Article{ kelsey_clinger_etal98b, author = {Richard Kelsey and William Clinger and Jonathan Rees}, title = {Revised$^{5}$ Report on the Algorithmic Language {Scheme}}, journal = {Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation}, year = 1998, volume = 11, number = 1, pages = {7--105}, month = aug } @Article{ kemper87, author = {Susan Kemper}, title = {Life-span Changes in Syntactic Complexity}, journal = {Journal of Gerontology}, year = 1987, volume = 42, pages = {323--328} } @InCollection{ kempler_zilinski94, author = {D. Kempler and E. M. Zilinski}, title = {Language in Dementia and Normal Aging}, editor = {F. A. Huppert and C. Brayne and D. W. O'Connor}, booktitle = {Dementia and Normal Aging}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1994, pages = {331--365} } @Book{ kempson75, author = {Ruth Kempson}, title = {Presupposition and the Delimitation of Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1975, address = {Cambridge} } @Book{ kempson_cann05, author = {Ronnie Cann and Ruth Kempson and Lutz Marten}, title = {The Dynamics of Language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, year = 2005, address = {forthcoming} } @Book{ kennedy99, editor = {Christopher Kennedy}, title = {Projecting the Adjektive}, publisher = {Garland Publishing}, year = 1999, address = {New York, London} } @InProceedings{ kennedy_boguarev96, author = {Christopher Kennedy and Branimir Boguarev}, title = {Anaphora for Everyone: Pronominal Anaphora Resolution without a Parser}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 96)}, year = 1996, pages = {113--118}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, month = aug } @InCollection{ kerschberg_klug_etal76, author = {L. Kerschberg and A Klug and D. Tsichritzis}, title = {At Taxonomy of Data Models}, editor = {P. C. Lockemann and E. Neuhold}, booktitle = {Systems for large data bases}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1976, pages = {43--64}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ khoo_sundaresh91, author = {S. C. Khoo and R. S. Sundaresh}, title = {Compiling Inheritance using Partial Evaluation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on Partial Evaluation and Semantics-Based Program Manipulation}, year = 1991, pages = {211--222}, month = jun, note = {(SIGPLAN Notices 26(9))} } @InCollection{ kiefer72, author = {F. Kiefer}, title = {{\"U}ber {P}r{\"a}suppositionen}, editor = {F. Kiefer}, booktitle = {Semantik und generative Grammatik II}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1972, address = {Frankfurt} } @InCollection{ kilgarriff95, author = {Adam Kilgarriff}, title = {Inheriting Polysemy}, editor = {Patrick Saint-Dizier and Evelyne Viegas}, booktitle = {Computational Lexical Semantics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1995, pages = {319--335}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ kilgarriff_gazdar95, author = {Adam Kilgarriff and Gerald Gazdar}, title = {Polysemous Relations}, editor = {F. R. Palmer}, booktitle = {Grammar and Meaning: Essays in Honour of Sir John Lyons}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1995, pages = {1--25}, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ kimball73, author = {John Kimball}, title = {Seven Principles of Surface Structure Parsing in Natural Language}, journal = {Cognition}, year = 1973, volume = 2, pages = {15--47} } @Book{ kintsch98, author = {Walter Kintsch}, title = {Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1998, address = {Cambridge, England} } @InCollection{ kipper92, author = {B. Kipper}, title = {Eine {D}isambiguierungskomponente f\"ur {M}odalverben}, editor = {G. G{\"o}rz}, booktitle = {Konvens 92: 1. Konferenz ``Verarbeitung nat\"urlicher Sprache''}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1992, pages = {258--267}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ kittredge03, author = {Richard I. Kittredge}, title = {Sublanguages and Controlled Languages}, editor = {Ruslan Mitkov}, booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 2003, pages = {430--447}, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ klare00, author = {George R. Klare}, title = {Readable Computer Documentation}, journal = {ACM Journal of Computer Documentation}, year = 2000, volume = 24, number = 3, pages = {148--168} } @Book{ klare63, author = {George R. Klare}, title = {The Measurement of Readability}, publisher = {Iowa State University Press}, year = 1963, address = {Ames, Iowa} } @Book{ klaus_buhr65, editor = {Georg Klaus and Manfred Buhr}, title = {Philosophisches {W\"o}rterbuch}, publisher = {VEB Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1965, address = {Leipzig}, german = {} } @Book{ klavans_resnik96, editor = {Judith L. Klavans and Philip Resnik}, title = {The Balancing Act: {C}ombining Symbolic and Statistical Approaches to Language}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1996, series = {Language, Speech, and Communication}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ klein95, author = {Harald Klein}, title = {{C}omputerunterst{\"u}tzte {I}nhaltsanalyse mit {INTEXT}}, publisher = {LIT Verlag}, year = 1995, address = {M{\"u}nster} } @Book{ klein_levelt81, editor = {Wolfgang Klein and Willem Levelt}, title = {Crossing the Boundaries in Linguistics}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1981, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ klir_folger88, author = {G. J. Klir and T. A. Folger}, title = {Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty and Information}, publisher = {Prentice-Hall}, year = 1988, address = {New York} } @Book{ klix_hoffmann80, editor = {F. Klix and J. Hoffmann}, title = {Cognition and memory}, publisher = {Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften}, year = 1980, address = {Berlin} } @Proceedings{ klose_lang_etal92, title = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG, Wissensmodellierung im IBM Deutschland LILOG-Projekt}, year = 1992, editor = {Gudrun Klose and Ewald Lang and Thomas Pirlein}, volume = 307, series = {Informatik-Fachberichte}, publisher = {Springer}, booktitle = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG}, isbn = {3-540-55306-1}, bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de} } @InCollection{ kluck_gey01, author = {Michael Kluck and Fredric C. Gey}, title = {The Domain-Specific Task of {CLEF} --- Specific Evaluation Strategies in Cross-Language Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Cross-Language Information Retrieval and Evaluation. Workshop of the Cross-Language Information Evaluation Forum (CLEF 2000)}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2001, volume = 2069, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {48--56}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ klute96, author = {Rainer Klute}, title = {Das World Wide Web}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1996, address = {Bonn} } @InProceedings{ knoll_altenschmidt_etal98, author = {Alois Knoll and Christian Altenschmidt and Joachim Biskup and Hans-Martin Bl{\"u}thgen and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Sven Hartrumpf and Hermann Helbig and Christiane Henning and Y{\"u}cel Karabulut and Reinhard L{\"u}ling and Burkhard Monien and Tobias Noll and Norbert Sensen}, title = {An Integrated Approach to Semantic Evaluation and Content-Based Retrieval of Multimedia Documents}, editor = {Christos Nikolaou and Constantine Stephanidis}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL'98)}, year = 1998, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 1513, pages = {409--428}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, url = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/c5vuj896m0kyq11y/} } @InProceedings{ knoll_gloeckner00, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner}, title = {Fuzzy quantifiers: {A} linguistic technique for data fusion}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ISSEK workshop}, year = 2000, address = {Udine} } @TechReport{ knoll_gloeckner_etal97, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {A System for the Content-Based Retrieval of Textual and Non-Textual Documents Based on Natural Language Queries}, institution = {Technische Fakult{\"a}t, Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1997, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR} 97-03}, address = {Bielefeld} } @TechReport{ knoll_gloeckner_etal98, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {A System for the Content-Based Retrieval of Textual and Non-Textual Documents Using a Natural Language Interface}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1998, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 232, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jul, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/ib232.pdf} } @Article{ knoll_gloeckner_etal98b, author = {Alois Knoll and Ingo Gl{\"o}ckner and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{Informationssuche in Multimedia-Dokumenten -- Auf dem Weg zu einem Hochleistungs-Suchserver}}, journal = {Forschung an der Universit{\"a}t Bielefeld}, year = 1998, volume = 17 } @Article{ kobsa_wahlster88, author = {A. Kobsa and W. Wahlster}, title = {Special Issue on User Modelling}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1988, volume = 14, number = 3 } @Book{ koenitz87, author = {B. Koenitz}, title = {Thema-Rhema-Gliederung und Translation}, publisher = {Verlag Enzyklop{\"a}die}, year = 1987, address = {Leipzig} } @Article{ kohonen82, author = {Teuvo Kohonen}, title = {Self-Organized Formation of Topologically Correct Feature Maps}, journal = {Biological Cybernetics}, year = 1982, volume = 44, pages = {59--69} } @InCollection{ kohonen84, author = {Teuvo Kohonen}, title = {Self-Organizing Feature Maps and Abstractions}, editor = {I. Plander}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence and Information-Control Systems of Robots}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1984, pages = {39--45}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ kohonen89, author = {Teuvo Kohonen}, title = {Self-Organization and Associative Memory}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1989, address = {Berlin}, edition = 3, language = {en}, annote = {aus Zell} } @Book{ kopec_thompson92, author = {C. Kopec and R. B. Thompson}, title = {Artificial intelligence and intelligent tutoring systems:{K}nowledge-based systems for learning and teaching}, publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, year = 1992, address = {New York} } @Book{ kopka00, author = {Helmut Kopka}, title = {Einf{\"u}hrung in {L}a{T}e{X}}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 2000, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @TechReport{ koskenniemi83, author = {Kimmo Koskenniemi}, title = {Two-level Morphology: {A} General Computational Model for Word-Form Recognition and Production}, institution = {Department of General Linguistics, University of Helsinki}, year = 1983, type = {Publication}, number = 11, address = {Helsinki} } @InProceedings{ kraaj97, author = {W. Kraaj}, title = {Multilingual functionality in the twentyone project.}, booktitle = {AAAI Symposium on Cross-Language Text and Speech Retrieval}, year = 1997 } @Book{ kreiser_gottwald_stelzner88, editor = {L. Kreiser and S. Gottwald and W. Stelzner}, title = {{N}ichtklassische {L}ogik}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1988, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ krieger93, author = {Hans-Ulrich Krieger}, title = {Derivation without Lexical Rules}, institution = {Deutsches Forschungszentrum f{\"u}r {K}{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 1993, type = {Research report}, number = {{93-27}}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken}, month = jun } @TechReport{ krieger_nerbonne91, author = {Hans-Ulrich Krieger and John Nerbonne}, title = {Feature-based Inheritance Networks for Computational Lexicons}, institution = {Deutsches Forschungszentrum f{\"u}r {K}{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, year = 1991, type = {Research report}, number = {{91-31}}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken}, month = sep } @Article{ kripke59, author = {S. A. Kripke}, title = {A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic}, journal = {Journal of Symbolic Logic}, year = 1959, volume = 24, pages = {1--14} } @Article{ kripke63, author = {S. A. Kripke}, title = {Semantic Analysis of Modal Logic {I}: {N}ormal Modal and Propositional Calculi}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik}, year = 1963, volume = 9, pages = {67--96} } @InCollection{ kripke72, author = {Saul A. Kripke}, title = {Naming and Necessity}, editor = {Donald Davidson and Gilbert Harman}, booktitle = {Semantics of Natural Language}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1972, pages = {252--355}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ kuerschner83, author = {Wilfried K{\"u}rschner}, title = {Studien zur {N}egation im {D}eutschen}, publisher = {Gunter Narr Verlag}, year = 1983, series = {Studien zur deutschen {G}rammatik}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, number = 12 } @InCollection{ kuipers75, author = {B. J. Kuipers}, title = {A Frame for Frames: {R}epresenting Knowledge for Recognition}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {151--184}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ kuno_oetinger86, author = {S. Kuno and A. G. Oetinger}, title = {Multiple-path syntactic analyzer}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {17--23}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @InCollection{ kunze05, author = {Claudia Kunze}, title = {{S}emantische {R}elationstypen in {G}erma{N}et}, editor = {Stefan Langer and Daniel Schnorbusch}, booktitle = {Semantik im Lexikon}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 2005, number = 479, series = {T{\"u}binger {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur {L}inguistik}, pages = {161--178}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ kunze72, author = {J. Kunze}, title = {{Die Ausla{\ss}barkeit von Satzteilen bei koordinativen Verbindungen im Deutschen}}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = 1972, series = {Schriften zur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung}, address = {Berlin}, number = 14 } @InCollection{ kunze_wagner01, author = {Claudia Kunze and Andreas Wagner}, title = {Anwendungsperspektiven des {GermaNet}, eines lexikalisch-semantischen {N}etzes f{\"u}r das {D}eutsche}, editor = {Ingrid Lemberg and Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Angelika Storrer}, booktitle = {Chancen und Perspektiven computergest{\"u}tzter Lexikographie}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 2001, volume = 107, series = {Lexicographica Series Maior}, pages = {229--246}, address = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany} } @Article{ kwok_etzioni_etal01, author = {Cody Kwok and Oren Etzioni and Daniel S. Weld}, title = {Scaling Question Answering to the Web}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems}, year = 2001, volume = 19, number = 3, pages = {242--262}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/502115.502117} } @Article{ lakoff70, author = {G. Lakoff}, title = {Lingusitics and Natural Logic}, journal = {Synthese}, year = 1970, volume = 22, pages = {151--271} } @Book{ lakoff87, author = {George Lakoff}, title = {Woman, Fire, and Dangerous Things}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1987, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ lakoff_johnson80, author = {George Lakoff and Mark Johnson}, title = {Metaphors We Live By}, publisher = {Chicago University Press}, year = 1980 } @Book{ lamport94, author = {Leslie Lamport}, title = {LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1994, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, edition = 2 } @Book{ lang77, author = {E. Lang}, title = {{Semantik der koordinativen Verkn{\"u}pfung}}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1977, volume = {{XIV}}, series = {Studia grammatica}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ lang89, author = {Ewald Lang}, title = {Prim{\"a}rer {O}rientierungsraum ind inh{\"a}rentes {P}roportionsschema {I}nteragierende {K}ategorisierungsraster bei der {K}onzeptualisierung r{\"a}umlicher {O}bjekte}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {150--173}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InCollection{ lang91, author = {Ewald Lang}, title = {The {LILOG} Ontology from a Linguistic Point of View}, editor = {O. Herzog and C.-R. Rollinger}, booktitle = {Text Understanding in LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, pages = {464--481}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ lang92, author = {E. Lang}, title = {Linguistische vs.~konzeptuelle {A}spekte der {LILOG} {O}ntologie -- {A}nfragen von au{\ss}en}, editor = {G. Klose and E. Lang and Th. Pirlein}, booktitle = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1992, pages = {23--45}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {HA TZH/KLO} } @Book{ langacker90, author = {Ronald Langacker}, title = {Theoretical prerequisites}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = 1990, volume = 1, series = {Foundations of Cognitive Grammar}, address = {Stanford}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ langacker91, author = {Ronald Langacker}, title = {Descriptive application}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = 1991, volume = 2, series = {Foundations of Cognitive Grammar}, address = {Stanford}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ lange54, author = {Heinrich Lange}, title = {Die formalen {G}rundlagen: {Z}eit -- {R}aum -- {K}ausalit{\"a}t}, publisher = {Karl Alber}, year = 1954, series = {Geschichte der {G}rundlagen der {P}hysik}, address = {Freiburg/M{\"u}nchen}, number = 1 } @InCollection{ langer96, author = {Hagen Langer}, title = {{D}isambiguierung von {P}r{\"a}positionalkonstruktionen mit einem syntaktischen {P}arser: {M}{\"o}glichkeiten und {G}renzen}, editor = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, booktitle = {Pr{\"a}positionalsemantik und PP-Anbindung}, publisher = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t Duisburg}, year = 1996, pages = {23--31}, address = {Duisburg} } @InProceedings{ langer_mehl_etal97, author = {Hagen Langer and Stephan Mehl and Martin Volk}, title = {{H}ybride {NLP}-{S}ysteme und das {P}roblem der {PP}-{A}nbindung}, editor = {Stephan Busemann and Karin Harbusch and Stefan Wermter}, booktitle = {Berichtsband des Workshops ''Hybride konnektionistische, statistische und symbolische Ans{\"a}tze zur Verarbeitung nat{\"u}rlicher Sprache'' auf der 21. Deutschen Jahrestagung f{\"u}r K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz (KI-97)}, year = 1997, address = {Freiburg} } @Book{ langer_schulz-von-thun_etal81, author = {Inghard Langer and Friedemann {Schulz von Thun} and Reinhard Tausch}, title = {Sich verst{\"a}ndlich ausdr{\"u}cken}, publisher = {Reinhardt}, year = 1981, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Germany} } @Book{ lappin2000, editor = {Shalom Lappin}, title = {The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory}, publisher = {Shalom Lappin}, year = 2000, address = {Oxford} } @Book{ lappin96, editor = {Shalom Lappin}, title = {The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishers}, year = 1996, address = {Malden, Mass.} } @Article{ lappin_leass94, author = {Shalom Lappin and Herbert Leass}, title = {An Algorithm for Pronominal Anaphora Resolution}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1994, volume = 20, number = 4, pages = {535--561}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ larson_frontiera04, author = {Ray R. Larson and Patricia Frontiera}, title = {Ranking and Representation for Geographic Information Retrieval}, booktitle = {SIGIR 2004}, year = 2004, address = {Sheffield, UK}, month = jul } @Article{ lascarides_briscoe_etal96, author = {Alex Lascarides and Ted Briscoe and Nicholas Asher and Ann Copestake}, title = {Order Independent and Persistent Typed Default Unification}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 1996, volume = 19, number = 1, pages = {1--90} } @TechReport{ lascarides_copestake95, author = {Alex Lascarides and Ann Copestake}, title = {Order Independent Typed Default Unification}, institution = {Cambridge University}, year = 1995, type = {Working paper {ACQUILEX} 2}, number = 60, address = {Cambridge, England}, month = aug } @InProceedings{ laurent_seguela05, author = {Dominique Laurent and Patrick S{\'e}gu{\'e}la}, title = {{QRISTAL}, Syst{\`e}me de Questions-R{\'e}ponses}, booktitle = {Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN) 2005}, year = 2005, pages = {53--62}, address = {Dourdan, France}, month = jun, tags = {QA system, deep QA approach} } @InProceedings{ laurent_seguela_etal05, author = {Dominique Laurent and Patrick S{\'e}gu{\'e}la and Sophie N{\`e}gre}, title = {Cross Lingual Question Answering using {QRISTAL} for {CLEF} 2005}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, publisher = {Centromedia}, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, tags = {QA system, deep QA approach} } @InProceedings{ laurent_seguela_etal06, author = {Dominique Laurent and Patrick S{\'e}gu{\'e}la and Sophie N{\`e}gre}, title = {Cross Lingual Question Answering using {QRISTAL} for {CLEF} 2006}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, tags = {QA system, deep QA approach} } @Book{ lee91, author = {M. H. Lee}, title = {Intelligente {R}oboter}, publisher = {VCH}, year = 1991, address = {Weinheim} } @Manual{ lefaivre78, author = {R. A. Lefaivre}, title = {{FUZZY} Referenze manual, revised version}, organization = {Rutgers Univ.: Computer Science Dept.}, month = jun, year = 1978 } @Book{ lehmann92, editor = {Fritz Lehmann}, title = {Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Pergamon Press}, year = 1992, address = {Oxford} } @TechReport{ lehrer89, author = {A. Lehrer}, title = {Polysemy, Conventionality, and the Structure of the Lexicon}, institution = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t}, year = 1989, type = {{LAUD}-Bericht}, number = {A 240}, address = {Duisburg} } @Book{ lehrndorfer96, author = {Anne Lehrndorfer}, title = {Kontrolliertes {D}eutsch. {L}inguistische und sprachpsychologische {L}eitlinien f\"ur eine (maschinell) kontrollierte {S}prache in der {T}echnischen {D}okumentation}, publisher = {Gunter Narr Verlag}, year = 1996, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ leidner04, author = {Jochen L. Leidner}, title = {Towards a Reference Corpus for Automatic Toponym Resolution Evaluation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval held at the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference (SIGIR 2004)}, year = 2004, address = {Sheffield, UK} } @Book{ lemnitzer97, author = {Lothar Lemnitzer}, title = {{A}kquisition komplexer {L}exeme aus {T}extkorpora}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1997, series = {Germanistische Linguistik}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, number = 180 } @InCollection{ lenat79, author = {D. B. Lenat}, title = {On Automated Scientific Theory Formation: A Case Study using the {AM} Program}, editor = {J. E. Hayes and D. Michie and L. I. Mikulich}, booktitle = {Machine Intelligence 9}, publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, year = 1979, pages = {251--283}, address = {Chichester, England} } @Article{ lenat80, author = {D. B. Lenat}, title = {The Nature of Heuristics}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 19, pages = {189--249} } @Article{ lenat83, author = {D. B. Lenat}, title = {{EURISCO}: A Program that Learns new Heuristics and Domain Concepts}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1983, volume = 21, number = {1/2}, pages = {61--98} } @Book{ lenat_guha90, author = {D. B. Lenat and R. V. Guha}, title = {Building Large Knowledge-based Systems: Representation and Inference in the {Cyc} Project}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1990, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ lenders93, author = {W. Lenders}, title = {{S}trukturelle {E}igenschaften von {B}edeutungserkl{\"a}rungen deutscher {V}erben}, editor = {K. J. Mattheier et al.}, booktitle = {Vielfalt des Deutschen: Festschrift f{\"u}r Werner Besch}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 1993, pages = {429--459}, address = {Frankfurt am Main} } @Article{ letsche_berry97, author = {Todd A. Letsche and Michael W. Berry}, title = {Large-Scale Information Retrieval with Latent Semantic Indexing}, journal = {Information Sciences}, year = 1997, volume = 100, number = {1-4}, pages = {105--137} } @InProceedings{ leveling03, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2003: Natural Language Access to the {GIRT4} Data}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2003 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2003 Workshop}, year = 2003, pages = {253--262}, address = {Trondheim, Norway}, month = aug, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2003/WN_web/30.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling04, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2003: Natural Language Access to the {GIRT4} Data}, editor = {Carol Peters and Julio Gonzalo and Martin Braschler and Michael Kluck}, booktitle = {Comparative Evaluation of Multilingual Information Access Systems: 4th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2003}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2004, volume = 3237, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {412--424}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0302-9743&volume=3237&spage=412} } @InProceedings{ leveling04a, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Feedback Mechanisms for a Natural Language Interface: An Application of the Critic Paradigm}, booktitle = {Proceedings of RIAO 2004 (Recherche d'Information Assist{\'e}e par Ordinateur -- Computer assisted information retrieval)}, year = 2004, pages = {431--446}, address = {Avignon, France}, month = apr, publisher = {Le Centre de Hautes Etudes Internationales d'informatique Documentaire -- C.I.D.}, url = {http://www.riao.org/Proceedings-2004/papers/0491.pdf}, isbn = {2905450-09-6} } @InCollection{ leveling05b, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2005: Towards a Better Baseline for {NLP} Methods in Domain-Specific Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2005/working_notes/workingnotes2005/leveling05.pdf} } @Book{ leveling06, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Formale Interpretation von Nutzeranfragen f{\"u}r nat{\"u}rlichsprachliche Interfaces zu Informationsangeboten im Internet}, publisher = {Der andere Verlag, T{\"o}nning, Germany}, year = 2006, isbn = {3-89959-563-7} } @PhDThesis{ leveling06a, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Formale Interpretation von Nutzeranfragen f{\"u}r nat{\"u}rlichsprachliche Interfaces zu Informationsangeboten im Internet}, school = {Fachbereich Informatik, FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2006, type = {Dissertation}, note = {Also appears in: Der andere Verlag, T{\"o}nning, Germany, 2006} } @InCollection{ leveling06b, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {A Baseline for {NLP} in Domain-Specific Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Henning M{\"u}ller and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)}, pages = {222--225}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-45697-X} } @InProceedings{ leveling06c, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2006: Reranking Documents for the Domain-specific Task}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2006/working_notes/workingnotes2006/levelingCLEF2006.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling06d, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {On the Role of Information Retrieval in the Question Answering System {IRSAW}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the LWA 2006 (Learning, Knowledge, and Adaptability), Workshop Information Retrieval}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Hildesheim}, year = 2006, pages = {119--125}, address = {Hildesheim, Germany}, url = {http://web1.bib.uni-hildesheim.de/2006/fgir2006/Leveling.pdf} , annote = {ISSN 0941-3014, Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik, Fachgruppe Information Retrieval}, editors = {Martin Schaaf and Klaus-Dieter Althoff} } @InCollection{ leveling07, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {{IRSAW} -- Towards Semantic Annotation of Documents for Question Answering}, booktitle = {CNI Spring 2007 Task Force Meeting}, publisher = {CNI}, year = 2007, address = {Phoenix, Arizona}, month = apr, url = {http://www.cni.org/tfms/2007a.spring/abstracts/PB-irsaw-leveling.html} } @InProceedings{ leveling07b, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {{FUH} ({F}ern{U}niversit{\"a}t in {H}agen): Metonymy Recognition Using Different Kinds of Context for a Memory-Based Learner}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SemEval I}, year = 2007, pages = {153--156}, address = {Prague, Czech Republic}, url = {http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W07/W07-2031.pdf} } @InProceedings{ leveling07c, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Exploring Term Selection for Geographic Blind Feedback}, booktitle = {Proceedings of GIR-2007, the 4th Workshop on Geographical Information Retrieval (hosted by CIKM 2007)}, year = 2007, address = {Lisbon, Portugal} } @InCollection{ leveling07d, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {A Modified Information Retrieval Approach to Produce Answer Candidates for Question Answering}, editor = {Alexander Hinneburg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the LWA 2007 (Lernen-Wissen-Adaption), Workshop FGIR}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, year = 2007, address = {Halle/Saale, Germany}, isbn = {978-3-86010-907-6} } @InCollection{ leveling07e, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Reranking Documents with Antagonistic Terms}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {170--173}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74999-8_24} } @MastersThesis{ leveling98, author = {Johannes Leveling}, title = {Evaluation von {M}ultithreading in {A}rchitekturen mit unterschiedlichen {S}peichermodellen}, school = {Carl-von-Ossietzky Universit{\"a}t Oldenburg, Abteilung Rechnerarchitekturen}, year = 1998, type = {Diplomarbeit}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf04, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2004: Indexing and Translating Concepts for the {GIRT} Task}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {199--208}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2004/working_notes/WorkingNotes2004/25.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf05, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {CLEF} 2004: Indexing and Translating Concepts for the {GIRT} Task}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {271--282}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_28}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {On Metonymy Recognition for {GIR}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of GIR-2006, the 3rd Workshop on Geographical Information Retrieval (hosted by SIGIR 2006)}, year = 2006, address = {Seattle, Washington}, url = {http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~rsp/gir06/papers/individual/leveling.pdf} } @Article{ leveling_hartrumpf07, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {On Metonymy Recognition for Geographic Information Retrieval}, journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science}, year = 2007, note = {In preparation} } @InProceedings{ leveling_hartrumpf07c, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {University of {H}agen at {GeoCLEF} 2007: Exploring Location Indicators for Geographic Information Retrieval}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2007 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2007 Workshop}, year = 2007, address = {Budapest, Hungary}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2007/working_notes/levelingCLEF2007.pdf} , isbn = {2-912335-32-9} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf_etal05, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf and Dirk Veiel}, title = {University of {H}agen at {GeoCLEF}~2005: Using Semantic Networks for Interpreting Geographical Queries}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2005/working_notes/workingnotes2005/veiel05.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf_etal06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf and Dirk Veiel}, title = {Using Semantic Networks for Geographic Information Retrieval}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Henning M{\"u}ller and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)}, pages = {977--986}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-45697-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11878773_109} } @InCollection{ leveling_hartrumpf_etal07, author = {Johannes Leveling and Sven Hartrumpf and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Semantic Analysis and Concept-Based Translation for Multilingual Information Systems}, editor = {Friedrich Lenz}, booktitle = {38. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft f{\"ur} Angewandte Linguistik, Schl{\"u}sselqualifikation Sprache, Anforderungen -- Standards -- Vermittlung}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Angewandte Linguistik}, year = 2007, pages = {68--69}, address = {Hildesheim, Germany}, note = {Printed Abstracts}, annote = {26.09. - 28.09.2007} } @TechReport{ leveling_helbig01, author = {Johannes Leveling and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{DFG} {P}rojekt {NLI-Z39.50} -- {A}bschlu{\ss}bericht und {E}valuation}, institution = {Intelligente Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme, FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2001, month = sep } @InProceedings{ leveling_helbig02, author = {Johannes Leveling and Hermann Helbig}, title = {A Robust Natural Language Interface for Access to Bibliographic Databases}, editor = {Nagib Callaos and Maurice Margenstern and Belkis Sanchez}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (SCI 2002)}, year = 2002, volume = {XI}, pages = {133--138}, address = {Orlando, Florida}, month = jul, organization = {International Institute of Informatics and Systemics (IIIS)} } @InProceedings{ leveling_helbig06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Das {NLI-Z39.50} -- {N}at{\"u}rlichsprachliche {I}nformationssuche zur {V}erbesserung der {L}iteraturrecherche}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {97--100}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, isbn = {3-89318-050-8} } @InProceedings{ leveling_veiel06, author = {Johannes Leveling and Dirk Veiel}, title = {University of {H}agen at {GeoCLEF} 2006: Experiments with Metonymy Recognition in Documents}, editor = {Alessandro Nardi and Carol Peters and Jos{\'e} Luis Vicedo}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2006 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2006 Workshop}, year = 2006, address = {Alicante, Spain}, url = {http://www.clef-campaign.org/2006/working_notes/workingnotes2006/veielCLEF2006.pdf} } @InCollection{ leveling_veiel07, author = {Johannes Leveling and Dirk Veiel}, title = {Experiments on the Exclusion of Metonymic Location Names from {GIR}}, editor = {Carol Peters and Paul Clough and Fredric C. Gey and Jussi Karlgren and Bernardo Magnini and Douglas W. Oard and Maarten {de Rijke} and Maximilian Stempfhuber}, booktitle = {Evaluation of Multilingual and Multi-modal Information Retrieval: 7th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2006, Alicante, Spain, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2007, volume = 4730, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {901--904}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-74998-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74999-8_114} } @Book{ levelt74, author = {W. J. M. Levelt}, title = {Formal Grammars in Linguistics and Psycholinguistics (vol. 1): An Introduction to the Theory of Formal Languages and Automata}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = 1974, address = {Paris}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ levesque_mylopoulos79, author = {Hector Levesque and John Mylopoulos}, title = {A Procedural Semantics for Semantic Networks}, editor = {N. V. 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Knight}, title = {A Foundation for a Knowledge-base Computer Integrated Manufacturing System}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence Engineering}, year = 1987, volume = 2, number = 1, pages = {11--22} } @Article{ lin07, author = {Jimmy Lin}, title = {An Exploration of the Principles Underlying Redundancy-Based Factoid Question Answering}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems}, year = 2007, volume = 25, number = 2, pages = {1--55}, issn = {1046-8188}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1229179.1229180}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ lin_chen01, author = {Chuan-Jie Lin and Hsin-Hsi Chen}, title = {Description of {NTU} System at {TREC-10} {QA} Task}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {406--411} } @InCollection{ lindstroem_rabinowicz95, author = {Sten Lindstr{\"o}m and Wlodzimierz Rabinowicz}, title = {The {R}amsey Test Revisited}, editor = {G. Crocco and L. {Fari\~{n}as Del Cerro} and A. Herzig}, booktitle = {Conditionals: from Philosophy to Computer Science}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1995, number = 5, series = {Studies in Logic and Computation}, pages = {145--191}, address = {Oxford} } @InProceedings{ litkowski01, author = {Kenneth C. Litkowski}, title = {{CL Research} Experiments in {TREC-10} Question Answering}, editor = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {122--131} } @InProceedings{ litkowski02, author = {Kenneth C. Litkowski}, title = {Digraph Analysis of Dictionary Preposition Definitions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation}, year = 2002, pages = {9--16}, address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania} } @InProceedings{ litkowski_hargraves05, author = {Kenneth C. Litkowski and Orin Hargraves}, title = {The Preposition Project}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on the Linguistic Dimensions of Prepositions and their Use in Computational Linguistics Formalisms and Applications}, year = 2005, address = {Colchester, UK}, month = apr } @Article{ loebner00, author = {Sebastian L{\"o}bner}, title = {Polarity in natural language: Predication, quantification and negation in particular and characterizing sentences}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = 2000, volume = 23, pages = {213--308} } @InCollection{ loebner87, author = {Sebastian L{\"o}bner}, title = {Natural Language and Generalized Quantifier Theory}, editor = {Peter G{\'a}rdenfors}, booktitle = {Generalized Quantifiers. Linguistic and Logical Approaches}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1987, pages = {181--201}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ loebner90, author = {Sebastian L{\"o}bner}, title = {Wahr neben {F}alsch. {D}uale {O}peratoren als die {Q}uantoren nat{\"u}rlicher {S}prache}, publisher = {Max Niemeyer Verlag}, year = 1990, series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, number = 244 } @InCollection{ lonning87, author = {Jan Tore L{\o}nning}, title = {Collective Readings of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases}, editor = {Peter G{\'a}rdenfors}, booktitle = {Generalized Quantifiers. Linguistic and Logical Approaches}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1987, pages = {203--235}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ luck-klewe91, author = {Kai {von Luck} and Berd Owsnicki-Klewe}, title = {{KL-ONE:} {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung}, editor = {Peter Stru{\ss}}, booktitle = {Wissensrepr{\"a}sentation}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1991, pages = {103--121}, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InProceedings{ luetticke04a, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {Problem solving with Adaptive Feedback}, editor = {{De Bra} P. and Nejdl W.}, booktitle = {Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-Based Systems - Third International Conference, {AH} 2004}, year = 2004, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, volume = 3137, pages = {417--420}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ luetticke04b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {Intelligentes {F}eedback bei der {B}earbeitung von {\"U}bungsaufgaben}, editor = {R. Keil-Slawik and H. Selke and G. Szwillus}, booktitle = {Mensch \& Computer 2004 -- Allgegenw{\"a}rtige Interaktion}, year = 2004, pages = {319--320}, publisher = {Oldenbourg} } @InProceedings{ luetticke05, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {Graphic and {NLP} based Assessment of Learners' Knowledge about Semantic Networks}, editor = {P. W. Jordan and M. Makatchev and P. Wiemer-Hastings}, booktitle = {AIED 05 (Artificial Intelligence in Education), Workshop: Mixed Language Explanations in Learning Environments}, year = 2005, pages = {75--80}, address = {Amsterdam} } @Article{ luetticke05b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke}, title = {E-Learning in Astronomy}, journal = {Astronomische Nachrichten/AN}, year = 2005, volume = 326, number = 7, pages = {659--660} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_gnoerlich_etal02a, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{VILAB} - A Virtual Electronic Laboratory for Applied Computer Science}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference Networked Learning in a Global Environment}, year = 2002, pages = {135 + CD-ROM}, address = {Canada/The Netherlands}, publisher = {ICSC Academic Press} } @Article{ luetticke_gnoerlich_etal02b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Der {E}insatz eines virtuellen {L}abors in der {I}nformatik-{L}ehre}, journal = {Softwaretechnik-Trends der GI}, year = 2002, volume = 22, number = 3, pages = {57--59} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_gnoerlich_etal02c, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Internet-basierte {L}ehre im {R}ahmen von {VILAB}}, editor = {S. Schubert and B. Reusch and N. Jesse}, booktitle = {Informatik bewegt}, year = 2002, series = {Lecture Notes in Informatics}, volume = {P-19}, pages = {293--296}, publisher = {Bonner K{\"o}llen Verlag} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig03, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Problem Solving in an Interactive Internet-Based Learning Environment}, editor = {M. Auer and U. Auer}, booktitle = {Interactive Computer Aided Learning (ICL) 2003, International Workshop in Villach (Austria)}, year = 2003, address = {Kassel}, publisher = {University Press} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig03b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Das {V}irtuelle {I}nformatik {L}abor als {T}eil des {L}ernraums {V}irtuelle {U}niversit{\"a}t der {FU} {H}agen}, editor = {J. von Knop and W. Haverkamp}, booktitle = {... MOVING EXPERTISE ..., 17. DFN-Arbeitstagung {\"u}ber Kommunikationsnetze}, year = 2003, series = {Lecture Notes in Informatics}, pages = {363--370}, publisher = {Bonner K{\"o}llen Verlag} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig04, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {E-{L}earning im virtuellen {I}nformatik-{L}abor {VILAB}}, booktitle = {Jahrbuch 2003 der Gesellschaft der Freunde der FernUniversit{\"a}t e.V.}, year = 2004, pages = {69--82}, publisher = {Gesellschaft der Freunde der FernUniversit{\"a}t e.V.}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/luetticke-helbig-2004-hagen.pdf} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig04a, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Practical courses in distance education supported by an interactive tutoring component}, editor = {U. Benrath and A. Sz{\"u}cs}, booktitle = {Supporting the Learner in Distance Education and E-Learning, Proceedings of the 3rd {EDEN} Research Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {441--447}, publisher = {Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Universit{\"a}t Oldenburg} } @InProceedings{ luetticke_helbig04b, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Lernmodule f\"ur die {M}edizinische {I}nformatik im virtuellen {I}nformatik-{L}abor {VILAB}}, editor = {S. P{\"o}ppl and J. Bernauer and M. Fischer and R. Klar and J. Leven and F. Puppe and K. Spitzer}, booktitle = {Rechnergest{\"u}tzte Lehr- und Lernsysteme in der Medizin, Proceedings zum 8. Workshop der GMDS AG Computergest{\"u}tzte Lehr- und Lernsysteme in der Medizin}, year = 2004, pages = {77--88}, publisher = {Shaker Verlag} } @TechReport{ luetticke_helbig_etal05, author = {Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Herrman Helbig and Christian Eichhorn}, title = {Das {V}irtuelle {I}nformatik-{L}abor {VILAB} - {K}onzeption, technische {R}ealisierung und {E}insatz in der {L}ehre}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2005, volume = 321, series = {Informatik-Berichte}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/luetticke-helbig-eichhorn-2005-hagen.pdf} } @Book{ lutzeier81, author = {P. Lutzeier}, title = {{W}ort und {F}eld}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1981, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ lyons71, author = {John Lyons}, title = {Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. 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Nardi}, title = {Meta-Level Architectures and Reflection}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1987, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ magnini_vallin_etal04, author = {Bernardo Magnini and Alessandro Vallin and Christelle Ayache and Gregor Erbach and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Maarten de Rijke and Paulo Rocha and Kiril Simov and Richard Sutcliffe}, title = {Overview of the {CLEF} 2004 Multilingual Question Answering Track}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {281--294}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ magnini_vallin_etal05, author = {Bernardo Magnini and Alessandro Vallin and Christelle Ayache and Gregor Erbach and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Maarten de Rijke and Paulo Rocha and Kiril Simov and Richard Sutcliffe}, title = {Overview of the {CLEF} 2004 Multilingual Question Answering Track}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {371--391}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_38}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Article{ maher01, author = {Michael J. Maher and Andrew Rock and Grigoris Antoniou and David Billington and Tristan Miller}, title = {Efficient Defeasible Reasoning Systems}, journal = {International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools}, year = 2001, volume = 10, pages = {483--501} } @TechReport{ mahesh_nirenburg_etal96, author = {K. Mahesh and S. Nirenburg and J. Cowie and D. Farwell}, title = {An Assessment of {Cyc} for Natural Language Processing}, institution = {Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University}, year = 1996, type = {Technical Report}, number = {{MCCS}-96-302}, address = {New Mexico}, month = sep } @Article{ malinowsky88, author = {M. 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Thompson}, title = {Rhetorical Structure Theory: Description and Construction of Text Structures}, editor = {G. Kempen}, booktitle = {Natural Language Generation}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff Publishers}, year = 1987, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ mann_thompson88, author = {William C. Mann and Sandra A. Thompson}, title = {Rhetorical Structure Theory: Toward a Functional Theory of Text Organization}, journal = {Text}, year = 1988, volume = 8, number = 3, pages = {243--281} } @Book{ manning_schuetze99, author = {Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Sch{\"u}tze}, title = {Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1999, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ manteufel_stumpe77, author = {K. Manteufel and D. Stumpe}, title = {Spieltheorie}, publisher = {B. G. 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A. Martin and R. J. Fateman}, title = {The {MACSYMA} system}, booktitle = {Proc. Second Symp. on Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation}, year = 1971, pages = {59--75}, address = {Los Angeles, California} } @InProceedings{ masui_mcdermott_etal83, author = {S. Masui and J. McDermott and A. Sobel}, title = {Decision Making int Time-critical Situations}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-83)}, year = 1983, pages = {233--235}, address = {Karlsruhe} } @Article{ matiasevuic70, author = {J. W. Matiasevui\v{c}}, title = {Diofantovost' pere\v{c}islimych mno\v{z}estv}, journal = {Doklady AN SSSR}, year = 1970, volume = 191, number = 2, address = {Moskava} } @Book{ matsui00, author = {Tomoko Matsui}, title = {Bridging and Relevance}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = 2000, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ mayer89, author = {Rolf Mayer}, title = {Wegkonnexion}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {171--201}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ maynard_bontcheva_etal03, author = {Diana Maynard and Kalina Bontcheva and Hamish Cunningham}, title = {Towards a Semantic Extraction of Named Entities}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2003)}, year = 2003, address = {Borovets, Bulgaria} } @Book{ mcarthur76, author = {Robert P. McArthur}, title = {Tense logic}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1976, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ mccarthy68, author = {John McCarthy}, title = {Programs with Common Sense}, editor = {Marvin L. Minsky}, booktitle = {Semantic Information Processing}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1968, pages = {403--418}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Article{ mccarthy80, author = {John McCarthy}, title = {Circumscription -- a Form of Non-monotonic Reasoning}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 13, number = 1, pages = {27--40} } @InCollection{ mccarthy_hayes69, author = {John McCarthy and P. Hayes}, title = {Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence}, editor = {B. Meltzer and D. Michie}, booktitle = {Machine Intelligence 4}, publisher = {University Press}, year = 1969, pages = {463--502}, address = {Edinburgh} } @Book{ mccawley93, author = {James D. McCawley}, title = {Everything that linguists have always wanted to know about logic but were ashamed to ask}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1993, address = {Chicago} } @Book{ mcclelland_rumelhart86, author = {James L. McClelland and David E. Rumelhart}, title = {Parallel Distributed Processing: {E}xplorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Vol. 2: {P}sychological and Biological Models}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1986, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ mccorduck79, author = {P. McCorduck}, title = {Machines who Think}, publisher = {Freemann}, year = 1979, address = {San Francisco, California} } @Article{ mcdermott80, author = {D. V. McDermott and J. Doyle}, title = {Non-monotonic Logic}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 13, number = 12, pages = {41--72} } @Article{ mcdermott82, author = {J. McDermott}, title = {{R1}: A Rule Based Configurer of Computer Systems}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1982, volume = 19, number = 1, pages = {39--88} } @Article{ mcdermott82a, author = {Drew McDermott}, title = {A Temporal Logic for Reasoning about Processes and Plans}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, year = 1982, volume = 6, pages = {101--155} } @InCollection{ mcdermott86, author = {Drew McDermott}, title = {Tarskian Semantics, or no Notation without Denotation}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {167--169}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ mcgee77, author = {W. C. McGee}, title = {The Information Managment System {IMS/VS}}, journal = {IBM Systems Journal}, year = 1977, volume = 16, pages = {84--168} } @Book{ mckeown85, author = {Kathleen R. McKeown}, title = {Using Discourse Strategies and Focus Constraints to Generate Natural Language Text}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1985, address = {Cambridge, England} } @Article{ mcroy92, author = {Susan W. McRoy}, title = {Using Multiple Knowledge Sources for Word Sense Discrimination}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 1, pages = {1--30}, month = mar } @Book{ mehl93, author = {Stephan Mehl}, title = {{D}ynamische semantische {N}etze -- {Z}ur {K}ontextabh{\"a}ngigkeit von {W}ortbedeutungen}, publisher = {infix}, year = 1993, address = {Sankt Augustin, Germany} } @InCollection{ mehl95, author = {Stephan Mehl}, title = {Automatic acquisition of lexical-semantic relations from machine-readable dictionaries}, editor = {Ren\'{e} Dirven and Johan Vanparys}, booktitle = {Current Approaches to the Lexicon}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, year = 1995, pages = {301--317}, address = {Frankfurt}, bib = {HA BHV/DIR} } @InProceedings{ mehl_langer_etal98, author = {Stephan Mehl and Hagen Langer and Martin Volk}, title = {{S}tatistische {V}erfahren zur {Z}uordnung von {P}r{\"a}positionalphrasen}, editor = {Bernhard Schr{\"o}der and Winfried Lenders and Wolfgang Hess and Thomas Portele}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Natural Language Processing -- {KONVENS-98}}, year = 1998, series = {Computers, Linguistics, and Phonetics between Language and Speech}, pages = {97--110}, address = {Frankfurt, Germany}, publisher = {Peter Lang}, number = 1 } @InCollection{ mehl_mertens_etal96a, author = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{P}r{\"a}positionalsemantik und {PP}-{A}nbindung}, editor = {Dafydd Gibbon}, booktitle = {Natural Language Processing and Speech Technology. Results of the 3rd KONVENS Conference, Bielefeld, October 1996}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 1996, pages = {310--316}, address = {Berlin}, annote = {summary of the workshop on PPs} } @TechReport{ mehl_mertens_etal96b, author = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{P}r{\"a}positionalsemantik und {PP}-{A}nbindung}, institution = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t}, year = 1996, type = {Schriftenreihe Informatik}, number = {SI-16}, address = {Duisburg}, month = sep } @InProceedings{ mehl_mertens_etal96c, author = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, title = {{Z}ur {D}isambiguierung von {P}r{\"a}positionen und {P}r{\"a}positionalphrasen}, editor = {Stephan Mehl and Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz}, booktitle = {Pr{\"a}positionalsemantik und PP-Anbindung}, year = 1996, series = {Schriftenreihe Informatik}, pages = {7--12}, address = {Duisburg}, month = sep, institution = {Gerhard-Mercator-Universit{\"a}t}, number = {SI-16}, annote = {this article is part of mehl_mertens_etal96b} } @Article{ mellish88, author = {Chris S. Mellish}, title = {Implementing Systemic Classification by Unification}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1988, volume = 14, number = 1, pages = {40--51} } @InCollection{ mellish92, author = {Chris S. Mellish}, title = {Term-Encodable Description Spaces}, editor = {D. R. Brough}, booktitle = {Logic Programming, New Frontiers}, publisher = {Intellect Books}, year = 1992, pages = {189--207}, note = {Proceedings of the {\em Conference in Bristol, UK, March 1990}} } @Book{ meltzer_michie69, editor = {B. Meltzer and D. Michie}, title = {Machine Intelligence 4}, publisher = {University Press}, year = 1969, address = {Edinburgh} } @InCollection{ menke_gnoerlich_etal98, author = {Dirk Menke and Carsten Gn{\"o}rlich and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Access To Bibliographic Data Bases - The Provider Agents in {MeDoc}}, editor = {A. Barth and A. Endres and A. de Kemp and M. Breu}, booktitle = {Digital Libraries in Computer Science: The MeDoc Approach}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, volume = 1392, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {51--66}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ menzel95, author = {Wolfgang Menzel}, title = {Robust Processing of Natural Language}, editor = {Ipke Wachsmuth and Claus-Rainer Rollinger and Wilfried Brauer}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1995, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {19--34}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 981 } @InProceedings{ merlo_crocker_etal97, author = {Paola Merlo and Matthew W. Crocker and Cathy Berthouzoz}, title = {Attaching Multiple Prepositional Phrases: Generalized Backed-off Estimation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-2)}, year = 1997, pages = {149--155}, address = {Providence, Rhode Island}, organization = {Brown University} } @MastersThesis{ mertens92, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}{\"a}umliche und zeitliche {A}spekte in {W}egauskunftssystemen}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz}, year = 1992, address = {Koblenz} } @InProceedings{ mertens93, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{V}erkehrsinformationssysteme -- {W}issenschaftliches {U}mfeld und technische {R}ealisierbarkeit}, editor = {Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme}, booktitle = {3. Internationales Anwenderforum ''{G}eoinformationssysteme -- {N}eue {P}erspektiven'', Duisburg, 03.--04. {M}{\"a}rz}, year = 1993, pages = {685--696}, address = {Duisburg} } @InProceedings{ mertens97a, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, editor = {}, booktitle = {Elektronische Beitr{\"a}ge zur 7. Tagung der Computerlinguistik--Studierenden ({T}a{C}o{S} 97), Koblenz, 30. April--03. Mai 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Koblenz} } @InProceedings{ mertens97b, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{H}euristische {E}rgebnisbewertung beim {W}ortagentenparsing}, editor = {Stephan Busemann and Karin Harbusch and Stefan Wermter}, booktitle = {Berichtsband des {W}orkshops ''Hybride konnektionistische, statistische und symbolische Ans{\"a}tze zur Verarbeitung nat{\"u}rlicher Sprache'' auf der 21. Deutschen Jahrestagung f{\"u}r K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz (KI--97), Freiburg, 09.--10. September 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Freiburg} } @InProceedings{ mertens97c, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{D}er {E}insatz eines heuristischen {V}erfahrens beim {P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, editor = {IBM, Institut f{\"u}r Logik und Linguistik}, booktitle = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur 6. Fachtagung der Sektion Computerlinguistik (DGfS-CL 97), Heidelberg, 08.--10. Oktober 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Heidelberg} } @InProceedings{ mertens97d, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}obustes {P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, booktitle = {Proceedings der 10. GLDV Jahrestagung (GLDV '97), {L}eipzig, 17.--19. M{\"a}rz 1997}, year = 1997, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ mertens98, author = {Andreas Mertens}, title = {{R}obustes {P}arsing mit {W}ortagenten}, editor = {Gerhard Heyer and Christian Wolff}, booktitle = {Linguistik und neue Medien}, year = 1998, pages = {177--187}, address = {Wiesbaden}, publisher = {Deutscher Universit{\"a}ts Verlag} } @InProceedings{ mertens_berghaeuser90b, author = {Andreas Mertens and Michael Bergh{\"a}user}, title = {{R}epr{\"a}sentation geographischer {K}arten}, editor = {Wolfgang Hoeppner}, booktitle = {Workshop ''R{\"a}umliche Alltagsumgebungen des Menschen''}, year = 1990, series = {Fachberichte Informatik}, pages = {119--132}, address = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz}, number = {9/90} } @InProceedings{ mertens_schulz_etal95, author = {Andreas Mertens and Marion Schulz and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{A}nalyse mit {W}ortagenten im {NLP}-{S}ystem {LINAS}}, editor = {Ludwig Hitzenberger}, booktitle = {Angewandte Computerlinguistik. Vortr{\"a}ge im Rahmen der Jahrestagung 1995 der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Linguistische Datenverarbeitung (GLDV), Regensburg, 30.--31. M{\"a}rz}, year = 1995, series = {Sprache und Computer}, pages = {63--75}, address = {Hildesheim}, publisher = {Olms}, number = 15 } @Proceedings{ meyrowitz86, title = {Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA)}, year = 1986, editor = {Norman Meyrowitz}, number = 11, series = {SIGPLAN Notices}, address = {Portland, Oregon} } @Book{ meyrowitz_chipman94, editor = {A. L. Meyrowitz and S. Chipman}, title = {Foundations of knowledge acquisition: {M}achine learning}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1994, address = {Boston} } @Article{ michaelsen_michie83, author = {R. Michaelsen and D. Michie}, title = {Expert Systems in Business}, journal = {Datamation}, year = 1983, volume = 11, pages = {240--246} } @InCollection{ michalski83, author = {R. S. 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Mill}, title = {A System of Logic}, publisher = {Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer}, year = 1872, volume = {I and II}, address = {London}, edition = 8 } @Book{ miller_johnson-laird76, author = {George A. Miller and Philip N. Johnson-Laird}, title = {Language and Perception}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1976, address = {Cambridge, England}, bib = {PI7} } @InCollection{ minsky75, author = {Marvin Minsky}, title = {A Framework for Representing Knowledge}, editor = {Patrick H. 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A Case Study Based on Two Different Approaches}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {14--21}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @InProceedings{ mitkov97b, author = {Ruslan Mitkov}, title = {How Far are We from (Semi-) Automatic Annotation of Anaphoric Links in Corpora?}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {82--87}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @InCollection{ mitkov97c, author = {Ruslan Mitkov}, title = {Two Engines are Better than One: Generating More Power and Confidence in the Search for the Antecedent}, editor = {Ruslan Mitkov and Nicolas Nicolov}, booktitle = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: Selected Papers from RANLP'95}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = 1997, pages = {225--234}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ mitkov98, author = {Ruslan Mitkov}, title = {Robust Pronoun Resolution with Limited Knowledge}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)}, year = 1998, pages = {869--875}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada} } @InProceedings{ mitkov98b, author = {Ruslan Mitkov}, title = {Evaluating Anaphora Resolution Approaches}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution (DAARC 2)}, year = 1998, pages = {164--177}, address = {Lancaster, England} } @TechReport{ mitkov99, author = {Ruslan Mitkov}, title = {Anaphora Resolution: The State of the Art}, institution = {University of Wolverhampton}, year = 1999, type = {Working Paper}, address = {Wolverhampton, England} } @Article{ mitkov99b, author = {Ruslan Mitkov}, title = {Multilingual Anaphora Resolution}, journal = {Machine Translation}, year = 1999, volume = 14, pages = {281--299} } @InProceedings{ mitkov_belguith_etal98, author = {Ruslan Mitkov and Lamia Belguith and Malgorzata Stys}, title = {Multilingual Robust Anaphora Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-3)}, year = 1998, pages = {7--16} } @InProceedings{ moldovan_novischi02, author = {Dan Moldovan and Adrian Novischi}, title = {Lexical Chains for Question Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-2002)}, year = 2002, pages = {674--680}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C02-1167} } @InCollection{ moldovan_pasca_etal06, author = {Dan Moldovan and Marius Pa\c{s}ca and Mihai Surdeanu}, title = {Some Advanced Features of {LCC}'s {P}ower{A}nswer}, editor = {Tomek Strzalkowski and Sanda Harabagiu}, booktitle = {Advances in Open Domain Question Answering}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 32, series = {Text, Speech and Language Technology}, pages = {3--34}, address = {Dordrecht} } @Article{ montague72, author = {R. Montague}, title = {Pragmatics and Intensional Logic}, journal = {Semantics of Natural Language}, year = 1972, publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing}, address = {Dordrecht}, series = {Semantics of Natural Language} } @Book{ montague74, author = {Richard Montague}, title = {Formal Philosophy, Selected Papers of Richard Montague}, publisher = {Yale Univ. Press}, year = 1974, address = {New Haven} } @InProceedings{ moon86, author = {David. A. Moon}, title = {Object-Oriented Programming with {FLAVORS}}, editor = {Norman Meyrowitz}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications {(OOPSLA)}}, year = 1986, series = {{SIGPLAN} Notices}, pages = {1--8}, address = {New York, NY}, publisher = {{ACM} Press}, number = 11 } @TechReport{ moore76, author = {J. S. Moore}, title = {The {INTERSLIP} virtual machine specification}, institution = {Xerox Research Center}, year = 1976, type = {Report {CSL}}, number = {76-5}, address = {Palo Alto} } @Article{ moore85, author = {R. C. Moore}, title = {Semantical Considerations on Non-monotonic Logic}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1985, volume = 25, number = 1, pages = {75--94} } @InCollection{ morik93, author = {K. Morik}, title = {Maschinelles {L}ernen}, editor = {G. G{\"o}rz}, booktitle = {Einf{\"u}hrung in die K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1993, pages = {247--301}, address = {Bonn} } @Proceedings{ moto-oka82, title = {Fifth Generation Computer Systems}, year = 1982, editor = {Tohru Moto-oka}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, publisher = {North-{H}olland}, note = {Proceedings {I}nternational {C}onference on {F}ifth {G}eneration {C}omputer {S}ystems, {T}okyo 1981} } @Book{ motsch_viehweger83, editor = {Wolfgang Motsch and Dieter Viehweger}, title = {Richtungen der modernen Semantikforschung}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin} } @Proceedings{ motta_shadbolt_etal04, title = {Engineering Knowledge in the Age of the Semantic Web, 14th International Conference, EKAW 2004, Whittlebury Hall, UK, October 5-8, 2004, Proceedings}, year = 2004, editor = {Enrico Motta and Nigel Shadbolt and Arthur Stutt and Nicholas Gibbins}, volume = 3257, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, publisher = {Springer}, booktitle = {EKAW} } @Proceedings{ muc98, title = {Proceedings of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}, year = 1998, address = {San Francisco, California}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, key = {MUC-7}, url = {http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/} } @InProceedings{ mueller_etal03, author = {T. M{\"u}ller and Rainer L{\"u}tticke and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Internet-basiertes {L}ernmodul f{\"u}r den nat{\"u}rlichsprachlichen {Z}ugang zu einer medizinischen {D}atenbank.}, editor = {F. Puppe and J. Albert and J. Bernauer and M. Fischer and R. Klar and J. Leven}, booktitle = {Rechnergest{\"u}tzte Lehr- und Lernsysteme in der Medizin, Proceedings zum 7. Workshop der GMDS AG Computergest{\"u}tzte Lehr- und Lernsysteme in der Medizin}, year = 2003, pages = {68--79}, publisher = {Shaker} } @Article{ muente_say_etal99, author = {Thomas F. M\"unte and Tessa Say and Harald Clahsen and Kolja Schiltz and Marta Kutas}, title = {Decomposition of Morphologically Complex Words in {E}nglish}, journal = {Cognitive Brain Research}, year = 1999, volume = 7, pages = {241--253} } @Article{ murakami_etal85, author = {K. Murakami and others}, title = {Research on Parallel Machine Architecture for Fifth Generation Computer Systems}, journal = {Computer}, year = 1985, volume = 18, number = 6, pages = {76--92} } @Book{ murawjowa78, author = {L. S. Murawjowa}, title = {Die {V}erben der {B}ewegung im {R}ussischen}, publisher = {Verlag Russische Sprache}, year = 1978, address = {Moskau} } @Book{ naas_schmidt61, author = {J. Naas and H.-L. Schmidt}, title = {Mathematisches {W}{\"o}rterbuch}, publisher = {B. G. Teubner, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1961, address = {Leipzig} } @InProceedings{ nakamura_nagao88, author = {J. Nakamura and M. Nagao}, title = {Extraction of Semantic Information from an Ordinary {E}nglish Dictonary and its Evaluation}, booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 88)}, year = 1988, pages = {459--464}, address = {Budapest} } @Book{ nariniani82, author = {A. S. Nariniani}, title = {Nedoopredelennye modeli i operacii s nedoopredelennymi zna\v{c}eniami}, publisher = {Akademia Nauk SSSR}, year = 1982, address = {Nowosibirsk}, note = {Sib. otdel., Preprint No. 400} } @Article{ nau_kumer_etal84, author = {D. S. Nau and V. Kumer and L. Kanal}, title = {General Branch and Bound, and its Relation to {A*} and {AO*}}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1984, volume = 23, number = 1, pages = {29--58} } @InProceedings{ naumann_osswald02, author = {Ralf Naumann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {A Dynamic Modal Arrow Logic for the Analysis of Aspectual Phenomena in Natural Language}, editor = {Dick {de Jongh} and Marie Nilsenov\'{a} and Henk Zeevat}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd and 4th International Symposium on Language, Logic and Computation}, year = 2002, address = {Amsterdam}, publisher = {ILLC} } @InProceedings{ naumann_osswald99, author = {Ralf Naumann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Aspects of `Until'}, editor = {Harry C. Bunt and E. G. C. Thijsse}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Computational Semantics}, year = 1999, pages = {191--203}, address = {Tilburg}, publisher = {Tilburg University} } @Book{ naummann86, author = {P. Naumann}, title = {Informazionno-poiskowaja Sistema {AIDOS/VS}}, publisher = {MCNTI}, year = 1986, address = {Moskava} } @InCollection{ negri_tanev_etal04, author = {Matteo Negri and Hristo Tanev and Bernardo Magnini}, title = {Bridging Languages for Question Answering: {DIOGENE} at {CLEF} 2003}, editor = {Carol Peters and Julio Gonzalo and Martin Braschler and Michael Kluck}, booktitle = {Comparative Evaluation of Multilingual Information Access Systems: 4th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2003}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2004, volume = 3237, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {501--513}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ nelson68, author = {R. J. Nelson}, title = {Introduction to Automata}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, year = 1968, address = {New York}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ neuhaus_hahn96, author = {Peter Neuhaus and Udo Hahn}, title = {Trading off Completeness for Efficiency -- The {ParseTalk} Performance Grammar Approach to Real-World Text Parsing}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th Florida Artificial Intelligence Symposium ({FLAIRS-96})}, year = 1996, pages = {60--65} } @InProceedings{ neuhaus_hahn96b, author = {Peter Neuhaus and Udo Hahn}, title = {Restricted Parallelism in Object-Oriented Lexical Parsing}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 96)}, year = 1996, pages = {}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, month = aug } @InProceedings{ neumann_backofen_etal97, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Rolf Backofen and Judith Baur and Markus Becker and Christian Braun}, title = {An Information Extraction Core System for Real World {G}erman Text Processing}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)}, year = 1997, pages = {209--216}, address = {Washington D.C., USA} } @InProceedings{ neumann_sacaleanu03, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Bogdan Sacaleanu}, title = {A Cross-Language Question/Answering-System for {G}erman and {E}nglish}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2003 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2003 Workshop}, year = 2003, pages = {363--372}, address = {Trondheim, Norway}, month = aug, annote = {publisher Centromedia} } @InCollection{ neumann_sacaleanu05, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Bogdan Sacaleanu}, title = {Experiments on Robust {NL} Question Interpretation and Multi-layered Document Annotation for a Cross-Language Question/Answering System}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {411--422}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11519645_41}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @InCollection{ neumann_sacaleanu05b, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Bogdan Sacaleanu}, title = {{DFKI}'s {LT-lab} at the {CLEF} 2005 Multiple Language Question Answering Track}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, publisher = {Centromedia}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep, howpublished = {Printed extended Abstracts and CD-ROM} } @InCollection{ neumann_sacaleanu06, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Bogdan Sacaleanu}, title = {Experiments on Cross-Linguality and Question-Type Driven Strategy Selection for Open-Domain QA}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Henning M{\"u}ller and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {4291--438}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-45697-X} } @InProceedings{ neumann_xu03, author = {G{\"u}nter Neumann and Feiyu Xu}, title = {Mining Answers in {G}erman Web Pages}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI-2003)}, year = 2003, address = {Halifax, Canada}, month = oct } @Book{ newell61, editor = {A. Newell}, title = {Information processing language V manual}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1961, address = {Englewood Cliffs N.J.} } @InProceedings{ newell62, author = {A. Newell}, title = {Learning, Generality and Problem Solving}, booktitle = {Proc. International Federation for Informaton Processing Conference (IFIP-62)}, year = 1962, pages = {407--412}, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InCollection{ newell_shaw_etal63, author = {A. Newell and J.C. Shaw and H.A. Simon}, title = {Empirical Explorations with the Logic Theory Machine: A case history in heuristics}, editor = {E.A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman}, booktitle = {Computers and thought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, pages = {279--293}, address = {New York} } @Article{ newstead_coventry00, author = {S. E. Newstead and K. Coventry}, title = {The role of context and functionality in the interpretation of quantifiers}, journal = {European Journal of Cognitive Psychology}, year = 2000, volume = 12, number = 2, pages = {243--259} } @Article{ newstead_pollard_etal87, author = {S. E. Newstead and P. Pollard and D. Riezebos}, title = {The effect of set size on the interpretation of quantifiers used in rating scales}, journal = {Applied Ergonomics}, year = 1987, volume = 18, number = 3, pages = {178--182} } @Book{ newton-smith80, author = {W. Newton-Smith}, title = {The Structure of Time}, publisher = {Routledge \& Heagan Paul}, year = 1980 } @InProceedings{ ng04, author = {Vincent Ng}, title = {Learning Noun Phrase Anaphoricity to Improve Coreference Resolution: Issues in Representation and Optimization}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2004)}, year = 2004, pages = {152--159}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, month = jul } @Article{ ng_ma86, author = {K. W. Ng and W. Y. Ma}, title = {Pitfalls in {PROLOG} Programming}, journal = {{SIGPLAN} Notices}, year = 1986, volume = 21, number = 4, pages = {75--79} } @InProceedings{ nii_aiello79, author = {H. Nii and N. Aiello}, title = {{AGE} (attempt to generalize): {A} Knowledge-based Program for Building Knowledge-based Programs}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79)}, year = 1979, pages = {209--219}, address = {Tokyo} } @Book{ nilsson82, author = {Nils J. Nilsson}, title = {Principles of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1982, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ nirenburg94, author = {Sergei Nirenburg}, title = {Lexicon Acquisition for {NLP}: {A} Consumer Report}, editor = {B. T. S. Atkins and A. Zampolli}, booktitle = {Computational Approaches to the Lexicon}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1994, pages = {313--347}, address = {Oxford}, bib = {BHI ATK 95/8312} } @Article{ nirenburg_raskin87, author = {Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Raskin}, title = {The Subworld Concept Lexicon and the Lexicon Management System}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1987, volume = 13, number = {3--4}, pages = {276--289} } @InProceedings{ nissim_markert03, author = {Malvina Nissim and Katja Markert}, title = {Syntactic Features and Word Similarity for Supervised Metonymy Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2003)}, year = 2003, pages = {56--63}, address = {Sapporo, Japan} } @InProceedings{ nissim_markert05, author = {Malvina Nissim and Katja Markert}, title = {Learning to Buy a {Renault} and Talk to {BMW}: A Supervised Approach to Conventional Metonymy}, booktitle = {International Workshop on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2005)}, year = 2005, address = {Tilburg, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ novak_hajic06, author = {V\'{a}clav Nov\'{a}k and Jan Haji\v{c}}, title = {Perspectives of Turning Prague Dependency Treebank into a Knowledge Base}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {439--442}, address = {Genoa, Italy}, isbn = {2-9517408-2-4} } @InProceedings{ novak_neumann86, author = {H.-J. Novak and B. Neumann}, title = {Text Generation Based on Visual Data - {NAOS}}, booktitle = {Proc. 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Voorhees and Donna Harman}, booktitle = {Proceedings of TREC-10}, year = 2001, pages = {347--354} } @InProceedings{ ohara_wiebe03, author = {Tom O'Hara and Janyce Wiebe}, title = {Preposition Semantic Classification via {Penn Treebank} and {FramNet}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-2003)}, year = 2003, address = {Edmonton, Canada} } @Book{ orenstein78, author = {Alex Orenstein}, title = {Existence and the Particular Quantifier}, publisher = {Temple University Press}, year = 1978, address = {Philadelphia} } @InProceedings{ osswald01, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Classifying Classification}, editor = {Geert-Jan Kruijff and Larry Moss and Dick Oehrle}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Formal Grammar and Mathematics of Language (FG/MOL-01)}, year = 2001, series = {Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 53} } @PhDThesis{ osswald02, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {A Logic of Classification -- with Applications to Linguistic Theory}, school = {FernUniversit\"{a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 2002, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = jul } @InCollection{ osswald03, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Generic Ontology of Linguistic Classification}, editor = {Benedikt L\"{o}we and Wolfgang Malzkorn and Thoralf R\"{a}sch}, booktitle = {Foundations of the Formal Sciences II -- Applications of Mathematical Logic in Philosophy and Linguistics}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 2003, series = {Trends in Logic 17}, pages = {203--212}, address = {Dordrecht} } @Article{ osswald04, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Die {V}erwendung von {GermaNet} zur {P}flege und {E}rweiterung des {C}omputerlexikons {HaGenLex}}, journal = {LDV Forum}, year = 2004, volume = 19, number = {1/2}, pages = {43--51} } @InProceedings{ osswald04a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {{E}ine {W}erkbank zur {E}rstellung und {P}flege des semantikbasierten {C}omputerlexikons {HaGenLex}}, editor = {Ernst Buchberger}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2004}, year = 2004, series = {{S}chriftenreihe der \"{O}sterreichischen {G}esellschaft f\"{u}r {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence, {B}and 5}, pages = {149--152}, address = {Wien} } @InProceedings{ osswald04b, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Two Views on Building Conceptual Hierarchies}, editor = {Gabriele Kern-Isberner and Wilhelm R\"{o}dder and Friedhelm Kulmann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Conditionals, Information, and Inference}, year = 2004, pages = {29--42}, note = {Ulm, September 21} } @InProceedings{ osswald05, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Concept Hierarchies from a Logical Point of View}, editor = {B. Ganter and R. Godin and E. M. Nguifo}, booktitle = {ICFCA-2005 International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis -- Supplementary Volume}, year = 2005, pages = {15--30}, address = {Lens, France}, publisher = {IUT de Lens} } @InProceedings{ osswald05a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Assertions, Conditionals, and Defaults}, editor = {Gabriele Kern-Isberner and Wilhelm R\"{o}dder and Friedhelm Kulmann}, booktitle = {Conditionals, Information, and Inference: International Workshop, WCII 2002, Revised Selected Papers}, year = 2005, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3301}, pages = {108--130}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InProceedings{ osswald05b, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {On Result Nominalization in {G}erman}, editor = {Emar Maier and Corien Bary and Janneke Huitink}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 9}, year = 2005, pages = {256--270}, address = {Nijmegen}, publisher = {NCS} } @InProceedings{ osswald05c, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {A Categorical Framework for Translating between Conceptual Hierarchies}, editor = {Pascal Hitzler and Carsten Lutz and Gerd Stumme}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the KI-2005 Workshop on Foundational Aspects of Ontologies}, year = 2005, series = {Fachberichte Informatik 9/2005}, pages = {17--33}, address = {Koblenz}, publisher = {Universit\"{a}t Koblenz-Landau} } @InProceedings{ osswald06, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Constructing Lexical Semantic Hierarchies from Binary Semantic Features}, editor = {Pascal Hitzler and Henrik Sch\"{a}rfe and Peter {\O}hrstr{\o}m}, booktitle = {Contributions to the 14th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS 2006)}, year = 2006, pages = {131--144}, address = {Aalborg}, publisher = {Aalborg University Press} } @InCollection{ osswald06a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {On Formal Objects}, editor = {Benedikt L\"{o}we and Volker Peckhaus and Thoralf R\"{a}sch}, booktitle = {Foundations of the Formal Sciences VI -- The History of the Concept of the Formal Sciences}, publisher = {College Publications}, year = 2006, number = 3, series = {Studies in Logic}, pages = {183--198}, address = {London} } @InProceedings{ osswald97, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {{G}rammatisches {S}prachk{\"o}nnen und psychische {R}ealit{\"a}t}, editor = {Werner Krause and Uwe Kotkamp and Ralf Goertz}, booktitle = {Proceedings der 3. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Kognitionswissenschaft}, year = 1997, pages = {145--147}, address = {Jena}, publisher = {Friedrich-Schiller-Universit{\"a}t} } @InProceedings{ osswald99, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {On Conditional Information in Feature-Based Theories}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Meeting on Mathematics of Language}, year = 1999, pages = {89--104}, address = {Orlando, FL}, publisher = {University of Central Florida} } @InProceedings{ osswald99a, author = {Rainer Osswald}, title = {Semantics for Attribute-Value Theories}, editor = {Paul Dekker}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth Amsterdam Colloquium}, year = 1999, pages = {199--204}, address = {Amsterdam}, publisher = {University of Amsterdam, ILLC} } @InCollection{ osswald_helbig05, author = {Rainer Osswald and Hermann Helbig}, title = {Derivational Semantics in {HaGenLex} -- An Interim Report}, editor = {Stefan Langer and Daniel Schnorbusch}, booktitle = {Semantik im Lexikon}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 2005, number = 479, series = {T{\"u}binger {B}eitr{\"a}ge zur {L}inguistik}, pages = {87--127}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ osswald_helbig_etal06, author = {Rainer Osswald and Hermann Helbig and Sven Hartrumpf}, title = {The Representation of {G}erman Prepositional Verbs in a Semantically Based Computer Lexicon}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {461--464}, address = {Genoa, Italy}, annote = {ISBN 2-9517408-2-4}, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/papers/osswald_helbig_etal06.pdf} } @InProceedings{ osswald_petersen02, author = {Rainer Osswald and Wiebke Petersen}, title = {Induction of Classifications from Linguistic Data}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ECAI-Workshop on Advances in Formal Concept Analysis for Knowledge Discovery in Databases}, year = 2002, address = {Lyon}, month = jul } @InProceedings{ osswald_petersen03, author = {Rainer Osswald and Wiebke Petersen}, title = {A Logical Approach to Data Driven Classification}, booktitle = {KI-2003: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 2003, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 2821}, pages = {267--281}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, editors = {Andreas G{\"u}nter and Rudolf Kruse and Bernd Neumann} } @Book{ ousterhout94, author = {John K. Ousterhout}, title = {Tcl and the Tk Toolkit}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1994, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @InCollection{ paiva93, author = {Valeria de Paiva}, title = {Types and Constraints in the {LKB}}, pages = {164--189}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @TechReport{ palm_hellendorn91, author = {R. Palm and H. Hellendorn}, title = {Fuzzy-{M}ethoden in der {R}obotik}, institution = {FB1 der GI, KI 4}, year = 1991, pages = {41--46} } @Article{ palomar_ferrandez_etal01, author = {Manuel Palomar and Antonio Ferr{\'a}ndez and Lidia Moreno and Patricio Mart{\'i}nez-Barco and Jes{\'u}s Peral and Maximiliano Saiz-Noeda and Rafael Mu{\~n}oz}, title = {An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in {S}panish Texts}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {545--567}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ pan_hobbs05, author = {Feng Pan and Jerry R. 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Patzig}, title = {{S}prache und {L}ogik}, publisher = {Vandenhoek {\&} Rupprecht}, year = 1970, address = {G{\"o}ttingen} } @Book{ paul60, author = {Hermann Paul}, title = {Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte}, publisher = {Max Niemeyer}, year = {1960 (1909)}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Article{ pearl83, author = {J. 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Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini}, title = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-27420-9} } @Book{ piaget70, author = {Jean Piaget}, title = {The Child's Conception of Physical Causality}, publisher = {Routledge and Kegan Paul}, year = 1970, address = {London} } @Book{ piaget77, author = {Jean Piaget}, title = {Understanding Causality}, publisher = {Norton}, year = 1977, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ pinkal00, author = {Manfred Pinkal}, title = {{S}emantikformalismen f{\"u}r die {S}prachverarbeitung}, editor = {G{\"u}nther G{\"o}rz and Claus-Rainer Rollinger and Josef Schneeberger}, booktitle = {Handbuch der K{\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 2000, pages = {739--782}, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InCollection{ pinkal83, author = {Manfred Pinkal}, title = {On the Limits of Lexical Meaning}, editor = {R. 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Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgen{\"o}ssichen Forschung}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1991, pages = {250--269}, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ poesio00, author = {Massimo Poesio}, title = {The {GNOME} Annotation Scheme Manual}, institution = {University of Edinburgh}, year = 2000, month = apr, url = {http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/~gnome/document.html} } @InCollection{ poesio96, author = {Massimo Poesio}, title = {Semantic Ambiguity and Perceived Ambiguity}, editor = {Kees {van Deemter} and Stanley Peters}, booktitle = {Semantic Ambiguity and Underspecification}, publisher = {Center for the Study of Language and Information}, year = 1996, number = 55, series = {CSLI Lecture Notes}, pages = {159--201}, address = {Stanford, California} } @InProceedings{ poesio_bruneseaux_etal99, author = {Massimo Poesio and Florence Bruneseaux and Laurent Romary}, title = {The {MATE} Meta-Scheme for Coreference in Dialogues in Multiple Languages}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL'99 Workshop on Standards for Discourse Tagging}, year = 1999, pages = {65--74}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, month = jun } @Article{ poesio_vieira98, author = {Massimo Poesio and Renata Vieira}, title = {A Corpus-based Investigation of Definite Description Use}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1998, volume = 24, number = 2, pages = {183--216}, month = jun } @Book{ pohlers89, author = {Wolfram Pohlers}, title = {Proof Theory}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1989, volume = 1407, series = {Lecture Notes in Mathematics}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ pollard_sag87, author = {Carl Pollard and Ivan A. Sag}, title = {Information-Based Syntax and Semantics, Volume 1: Fundamentals}, publisher = {Center for the Study of Language and Information}, year = 1987, series = {CSLI Lecture Notes}, address = {Stanford, California}, number = 13 } @Book{ pollard_sag94, author = {Carl Pollard and Ivan A. Sag}, title = {Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = 1994, series = {Studies in Contemporary Linguistics}, address = {Chicago, Illinois} } @InProceedings{ popescu-belis_robba97, author = {Andrei Popescu-Belis and Isabelle Robba}, title = {Cooperation between Pronoun and Reference Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {94--99}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @InProceedings{ popl77, author = {H. E. {Popl Jr.}}, title = {The Formation of Composite Hypothesis in Diagnostic Problem Solving}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-77)}, year = 1977, pages = {1030--1037}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ posthoff_reinemann88, author = {C. Posthoff and G. Reinemann}, title = {Schachcomputer -- {C}omputerschach}, publisher = {Akademie-{V}erlag}, year = 1988, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ preiss01, author = {Judita Preiss}, title = {Machine Learning for Anaphora Resolution}, institution = {University of Sheffield}, year = 2001, type = {Technical Report}, number = {CS-01-10}, address = {Sheffield, England}, month = aug } @InCollection{ pribbenow89, author = {Simone Pribbenow}, title = {Regelbasierte {I}nterpretation lokaler {P}r{\"a}positionen am {B}eispiel von in und bei}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {202--227}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ pribbenow93, author = {S. Pribbenow}, title = {R{\"a}umliche Konzepte in Wissens- und Sprachverarbeitung. Hybride Verarbeitung von Lokalisierung}, publisher = {Deutscher Universit{\"a}tsverlag}, year = 1993, address = {Wiesbaden} } @InProceedings{ punyakanok_roth_etal04, author = {Vasin Punyakanok and Dan Roth and Wen-tau Yih}, title = {Mapping Dependencies Trees: An Application to Question Answering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics}, year = 2004, address = {Fort Lauderdale, Florida} } @Book{ puppe90, author = {Frank Puppe}, title = {Probleml{\"o}sungsmethoden in Expertensystemen}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1990, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ pustejovsky91, author = {James Pustejovsky}, title = {The generative lexicon}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1991, volume = 17, pages = {409--441}, bib = {PI7} } @Book{ pustejovsky93, author = {James Pustejovsky}, title = {Semantics and the lexicon}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1993, volume = 49, series = {Studies in {L}inguistics and {P}hilosophy}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ pustejovsky95, author = {James Pustejovsky}, title = {The Generative Lexicon}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1995, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Article{ pustejovsky_boguraev93, author = {James Pustejovsky and Branimir Boguraev}, title = {Lexical Knowledge Representation and Natural Language Processing}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1993, volume = 63, pages = {193--223} } @Book{ putnam75, author = {Hilary Putnam}, title = {Mind, Language and Reality}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = 1975, volume = 2, series = {Philosophical Papers}, address = {Cambridge, England}, annote = {Primer-1} } @InCollection{ quillian68, author = {M. Ross Quillian}, title = {Semantic Memory}, editor = {Marvin Minsky}, booktitle = {Semantic Information Processing}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1968, pages = {227--270}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ quine69, author = {{Willard van Orman} Quine}, title = {Grundz{\"u}ge der Logik}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, series = {Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft}, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, number = 65 } @InCollection{ radden89, author = {G{\"u}tner Radden}, title = {Das {B}ewegungskonzept; to come und to go}, editor = {Christopher Habel and Michael Herweg and Klaus Rehk{\"a}mper}, booktitle = {Raumkonzepte in Verstehensprozessen: interdisziplin{\"a}re Beitr{\"a}ge zu Sprache und Raum}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = 1989, pages = {228--248}, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @InProceedings{ rascu06, author = {Ecaterina Rascu}, title = {A Controlled Language Aproach to Text Optimisation in Technical Documentation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of KONVENS 2006}, year = 2006, pages = {107--114}, address = {Konstanz, Germany}, month = oct, annote = {editor: Miriam Butt}, isbn = {3-89318-050-8} } @InCollection{ rath78, author = {C. Rath}, title = {Lokale {A}rgumentrollenindikatoren}, editor = {C. Biasci and J. Fritsche}, booktitle = {Texttheorie, Textrepr{\"a}sentation -- Theoretische Grundlagen der kanonischen sinnsemantischen Repr{\"a}sentation von Texten}, publisher = {Helmut Buske Verlag}, year = 1978, number = 18, series = {Papiere zur Textlinguistik}, pages = {114--133}, address = {Hamburg}, bib = {DO} } @InProceedings{ ratnaparkhi98, author = {Adwait Ratnaparkhi}, title = {Statistical Models for Unsupervised Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)}, year = 1998, pages = {1079--1085}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada}, url = {http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cmp-lg/9807011} } @InProceedings{ ratnaparkhi_reynar_etal94, author = {Adwait Ratnaparkhi and Jeff Reynar and Salim Roukos}, title = {A Maximum Entropy Model for Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop}, year = 1994, pages = {250--255} } @Book{ rauh88, author = {Gisa Rauh}, title = {Tiefenkasus, thematische {R}elationen und {T}hetarollen}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 1988, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @TechReport{ rauh93, author = {Gisa Rauh}, title = {Pr{\"a}positionen und {R}ollen}, institution = {Theorie des Lexikons -- SFB 282}, year = 1993, type = {SFB-Bericht}, number = 46, address = {} } @InCollection{ rauh93a, author = {Gisa Rauh}, title = {On the Grammar of Lexical and Non-Lexical Prepositions in {E}nglish}, editor = {Cornelia Zelinski-Wibbelt}, booktitle = {The Semantics of Prepositions}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 1993, pages = {99--150}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ reddig88, author = {C. Reddig}, title = {3D in NLP: Determiners, Descriptions, and the Dialog Memory in the {XTRA} Project}, editor = {W. Hoeppner}, booktitle = {K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz. GWAI--88, 12th German Workshop on Artificial Intelligence, Eringerfeld}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1988, pages = {159--168}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {HA TUQ/GWAI} } @InProceedings{ reddy85, author = {U. S. Reddy}, title = {Narrowing as the Operational Semantics of Functional Languages}, booktitle = {Proc. Symp. on Logic Programming}, year = 1985, pages = {138--151}, address = {Boston} } @Book{ reichenbach47, author = {H. Reichenbach}, title = {Elements of Symbolic Logic}, publisher = {Free Press}, year = 1947, address = {New York} } @Book{ reiners63, author = {Ludwig Reiners}, title = {Stilfibel}, publisher = {Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag}, year = 1963, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Germany}, annote = {first dtv print 1963, 1951 from Beck, 2001 31st print (unabridged)} } @Book{ reischuk90, author = {Karl R{\"u}diger Reischuk}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {K}omplexit{\"a}tstheorie}, publisher = {B. G. Teubner}, year = 1990, address = {Stuttgart}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Article{ reiter80, author = {R. Reiter}, title = {A Logic for Default Reasoning}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1980, volume = 13, number = {1/2}, pages = {81--132} } @Book{ rescher_urquhart71, author = {J. Escher and A. Urquhart}, title = {Temporal Logics}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1971 } @Article{ richardson68, author = {D. Richardson}, title = {Some Unsolvable Problems Involving Elementary Functions of a Real Variable}, journal = {Journal Symb. Logic}, year = 1968, volume = 133, pages = 511 } @Article{ rieger_small81, author = {Chuck Rieger and Steven Small}, title = {Toward a theory of distributed word expert natural language parsing}, journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics}, year = 1981, volume = 11, number = 1, pages = {43--51}, month = jan } @InCollection{ riesbeck75, author = {Chr. K. Riesbeck}, title = {Conceptual Analysis}, editor = {R. C. Schank}, booktitle = {Conceptual Information Processing}, publisher = {Prantice Hall}, year = 1975, chapter = 4, pages = {83--}, address = {New Haven, Connecticut} } @Article{ risch69, author = {R. Risch}, title = {The Problem of Integration in Finite Terms}, journal = {Transactions of the American Mathematical Society}, year = 1969, volume = 139, number = 5, pages = 167 } @Book{ ritter_martinetz_etal91, author = {H. Ritter and T. Martinetz and K. Schulten}, title = {Neuronale {N}etze: {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {N}euroinformatik selbstorganisierender {N}etzwerke}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1991, address = {Bonn} } @Article{ robinson65, author = {J.R. Robinson}, title = {A Machine-oriented Logic Based on the Resolution Principle}, journal = {Journal ACM}, year = 1965, volume = 12, pages = {23--41} } @Article{ robinson70, author = {J. Robinson}, title = {{K}asus, {K}ategorie und {K}onfiguration}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = 1970, pages = {57--80}, note = {{\"U}bersetzung} } @InCollection{ robinson_sibert82, author = {J. Robinson and E. Sibert}, title = {{LOGLISP}: Motivation, Design and Implementation}, editor = {K. Clark and S.A. Taernlund}, booktitle = {Logic programming}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1982, pages = {299--313}, address = {London} } @InProceedings{ rocha97, author = {Marco Rocha}, title = {Supporting Anaphor Resolution in Dialogues with a Corpus-Based Probabilistic Model}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {54--61}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Book{ roe_wilpn94, editor = {D.B. Roe and I.G. Wilpon}, title = {Voice communication between humans and machines}, publisher = {Nat. Academy Press}, year = 1994, address = {Washington D.C., USA} } @InProceedings{ rohn_raatz_etal04, author = {Michael Rohn and Wolfgang Raatz and Tim {vor der Br{\"u}ck}}, title = {{O}bjektive {O}ptimierung der lokalen {W}ettervorhersage}, booktitle = {DACH Meteorologenkonferenz}, year = 2004, address = {Karlsruhe, Germany}, month = oct, url = {http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/brueck/papers/021_RoRaBr.pdf} } @PhDThesis{ ronthaler00, author = {Marc Ronthaler}, title = {Dialogschnittstellen an Online-Informationssystemen: Notwendigkeit, Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit und Entwicklungsm{\"o}glichkeiten am Beispiel des {OSIRIS}-Systems}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Osnabr{\"u}ck, Fachbereich Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft}, year = 2000, address = {Osnabr{\"u}ck, Germany} } @Article{ ronthalerzillmann98, author = {Marc Ronthaler and Hartmut Zillmann}, title = {Literaturrecherche mit {O}{S}{I}{R}{I}{S}: {E}in {T}est der {OSIRIS}-{R}etrievalkomponente}, journal = {Bibliotheksdienst}, year = 1998, volume = 32, pages = {1203--1212} } @InCollection{ rooth87, author = {M. Rooth}, title = {Noun Phrase Interpretation in {Montague} Grammar, File Change Semantics and Situation Semantics}, pages = {237--268}, crossref = {gaerdenfors87} } @InProceedings{ rosenfeld_huang92, author = {Ronald Rosenfeld and Xuedong Huang}, title = {Improvements in Stochastic Language Modeling}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop}, year = 1992, pages = {107--111}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @Book{ rosengren77, author = {Inger Rosengren}, title = {Ein {F}requenzw{\"o}rterbuch der deutschen {Z}eitungssprache}, publisher = {Gleerup}, year = 1977, volume = 2, address = {Lund, Sweden} } @InProceedings{ rulifson_waldinger_etal73, author = {J. F. Rulifson and J. A. Waldinger and J. A. Derksen}, title = {A Language for Writing Problem-solving Programs}, booktitle = {Proc. International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP-71)}, year = 1971, address = {Ljubljana} } @InCollection{ rumelhart_lindsay_etal72, author = {D. Rumelhart and P. Lindsay and D. Norman}, title = {A Process Model for Longterm Memory}, editor = {E. Tulving and W. Donaldson}, booktitle = {Organization of Memory}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1972, chapter = 4, pages = {198--221}, address = {New York} } @Book{ rumelhart_mcclelland86, author = {David E. Rumelhart and James L. McClelland}, title = {Parallel Distributed Processing: {E}xplorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Vol. 1: {F}oundations}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1986, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ russell13, author = {Bertrand Russell}, title = {On the Notions of Cause}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society}, year = 1913, volume = 13, pages = {1--26} } @Book{ russell77, author = {Bertrand Russell}, title = {Logic and Knowledge}, publisher = {George Allen \& Unwin}, year = 1977, address = {London} } @Article{ russell_ballim_etal92, author = {Graham Russell and Afzal Ballim and John Carroll and Susan Warwick-Armstrong}, title = {A Practical Approach to Multiple Default Inheritance for Unification Based Lexicons}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 3, pages = {311--337} } @InProceedings{ russell_carroll_etal91, author = {Graham Russell and John Carroll and Susan Warwick-Armstrong}, title = {Multiple Default Inheritance in a Unification-Based Lexicon}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the ACL}, year = 1991, pages = {215--221}, comment = {address = {Berkeley, California}} } @Article{ sacerdoti74, author = {E. D. Sacerdoti}, title = {Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1974, volume = 5, number = 2, pages = {115--135} } @Book{ sachs92, author = {H. Sachs}, title = {Borland {C++} und {T}urbo {C++} -- {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung}, publisher = {Carl Hanser}, year = 1992, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @InProceedings{ saint-dizier05, author = {Patrick Saint-Dizier}, title = {{PrepNet}: A Framework for Describing Prepositions: Preliminary Investigation Results}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Computational Semantics}, year = 2005, address = {Tilburg}, publisher = {Tilburg University} } @InProceedings{ samuelsson96, author = {Christer Samuelsson}, title = {Handling Sparse Data by Successive Abstraction}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 96)}, year = 1996, pages = {895--900}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, month = aug } @InCollection{ sandewall71, author = {E. Sandewall}, title = {Representing Natural Language Information in Predicate Calculus}, editor = {B. Meltzer and D. Michie}, booktitle = {Machine Intelligence VI}, publisher = {American Elsevier}, year = 1971, volume = 6, pages = {255--277}, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ sanfilippo93, author = {Antonio Sanfilippo}, title = {{LKB} Encoding of Lexical Knowledge}, pages = {190--222}, crossref = {briscoe_copestake_etal93} } @Article{ schabes_shieber94, author = {Yves Schabes and Stuart M. Shieber}, title = {An Alternative Conception of Tree-Adjoining Derivation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1994, volume = 20, number = 1, pages = {?--?}, month = mar } @Book{ schader_kuhlins98, author = {Martin Schader and Stefan Kuhlins}, title = {{P}rogrammieren in {C++}}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1998, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ schank72, author = {Roger C. Schank}, title = {Conceptual Dependency: {A} Theory of Natural Language Understanding}, journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, year = 1972, volume = 3, number = 4, pages = {532--631} } @InProceedings{ schank73a, author = {R. C. Schank and C. Goldman and C. Rieger and C. Riesbeck}, title = {{MARGIE}: {M}emory, {A}nalysis, {R}esponse {G}eneration and {I}nference on {E}nglish}, booktitle = {Proceedings 3rd International Joint Conference on Artificial intelligence}, year = 1973, annote = {mesnet1} } @InCollection{ schank75, author = {R. C. Schank}, title = {Conceptual Dependency Theory}, editor = {R. C. Schank}, booktitle = {Conceptual Information Processing}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1975, chapter = 3, pages = {22--82}, address = {New Haven, Connecticut} } @InCollection{ schank86, author = {Roger C. Schank}, title = {Language and Memory}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {171--191}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Book{ schank_abelson77, author = {Roger C. Schank and Robert P. Abelson}, title = {Scripts, plans, goals and understanding}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1977, address = {Hillsdale} } @InProceedings{ schank_etal73, author = {R. Schank et al.}, title = {Margie: Memory, Analysis, Response, Generation and Inference on {E}nglish}, booktitle = {Proceedings 3rd AI-Conference)}, year = 1973, address = {Stanford} } @Book{ scheid_warlich74, author = {Harald Scheid and Lutz Warlich}, title = {{M}athematik f{\"u}r {L}ehramtskandidaten, {B}and 1: {M}engen, {R}elationen, {A}bbildungen}, publisher = {Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft}, year = 1974, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @TechReport{ schiehlen97, author = {Michael Schiehlen}, title = {Disambiguation of Underspecified Discourse Representation Structures under Anaphoric Constraints}, institution = {DFKI}, year = 1997, type = {Verbmobil-Report}, number = 188 } @InProceedings{ schilder_habel01, author = {Frank Schilder and Christopher Habel}, title = {From Temporal Expressions to Temporal Information: Semantic Tagging of News Messages}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-2001 Workshop on Temporal and Spatial Information Processing}, year = 2001, pages = {65--72}, address = {Toulouse, France} } @Book{ schildt98, author = {Herbert Schildt}, title = {C++ from the ground up}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, year = 1998, address = {New York} } @Book{ schildt_viehweger83, editor = {J. Schildt and D. Viehweger}, title = {{D}ie {L}exikographie von heute und das {W}{\"o}rterbuch von morgen. {A}nalysen - {P}robleme - {V}orschl{\"a}ge}, publisher = {Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Zentralinstitut f{\"u}r Wissenschaft}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ schmidt_stroehlein89, author = {G{\"u}nther Schmidt and Thomas Str{\"o}hlein}, title = {{R}elationen und {G}raphen}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1989, address = {Berlin}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ schmied-kowarzik86, author = {Walther Schmied-Kowarzik}, title = {Zeit und {R}aum: eine psychologische und tranzendentalphilosophische {U}ntersuchung}, publisher = {Gesamthochschulbibliothek}, year = 1986, series = {Kasseler philosophische {S}chriften}, address = {Kassel}, number = 19 } @Book{ schneider91, author = {H.-J. Schneider}, title = {{L}exikon der {I}nformatik und {D}atenverarbeitung}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1991, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ schneider97, author = {H.-J. Schneider}, title = {{L}exikon der {I}nformatik und {D}atenverarbeitung}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1997, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ schoeneburg93, author = {E. Sch{\"o}neburg}, title = {Industrielle {A}nwendung neuronaler {N}etzwerke}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1993, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ schoeneburg_hansen_etal90, author = {E. Sch{\"o}neburg and N. Hansen and A. Gawelczyk}, title = {Neuronale {N}etzwerke. {E}inf{\"u}hrung, {\"U}berblick und {A}nwendungsm{\"o}glichkeiten}, publisher = {Markt \& Technik}, year = 1990, address = {Haar b. {M\"u}nchen} } @Book{ schreiber77, author = {P. Schreiber}, title = {{G}rundlagen der {M}athematik}, publisher = {{VEB} Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften}, year = 1977, address = {Berlin}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ schreuder_grendel_etal90, author = {Robert Schreuder and Marjon Grendel and Nanda Poulisse and Ardi Roelofs and Marlies {van de Voort}}, title = {Lexical Processing, Morphological Complexity and Reading}, editor = {David A. Balota and Giovanni B. {Flores d'Arcais} and Keith Rayner}, booktitle = {Comprehension Processes in Reading}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1990, pages = {125--141}, address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey} } @Article{ schriver00, author = {Karen A. Schriver}, title = {Readability Formulas in the New Millennium: What's the Use?}, journal = {ACM Journal of Computer Documentation}, year = 2000, volume = 24, number = 3, pages = {138--140} } @Book{ schriver97, author = {Karen A. Schriver}, title = {Dynamics in Document Design}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = 1997, address = {New York} } @TechReport{ schubert74, author = {L. K. Schubert}, title = {Extending the Expressive Power of Semantic Networks}, institution = {Department of Computer Science, The University of Alberta}, year = 1974, number = {TR74-18}, address = {Edmonton, Canada}, month = nov, bib = {PI7} } @TechReport{ schulz97, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {On the Acquisition of Consistent Subcategorization Frames}, institution = {{F}ern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1997, type = {{T}echnical {R}eport}, address = {Hagen} } @PhDThesis{ schulz98, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {Eine Werkbank zur interaktiven Erstellung semantikbasierter Computerlexika}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 1998, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = aug } @TechReport{ schulz98a, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {Programmdokumentation zur {L}exikonwerkbank {LIA}}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1998, type = {{I}nternes {A}rbeitspapier}, address = {Hagen} } @PhDThesis{ schulz99, author = {Marion Schulz}, title = {{E}ine {W}erkbank zur interaktiven {E}rstellung semantikbasierter {C}omputerlexika}, school = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen, Fachbereich Informatik}, year = 1998, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = aug, annote = {year was wrong, it was 1998!} } @TechReport{ schulz_helbig96, author = {Marion Schulz and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{COLEX}: {E}in {C}omputerlexikon f{\"u}r die automatische {S}prachverarbeitung}, institution = {FernUniversit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1996, type = {Informatik-{B}ericht}, number = 210, address = {Hagen, Germany}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ schulz_mertens_etal95, author = {Marion Schulz and Andreas Mertens and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{D}ynamische {P}r{\"a}positionsanalyse mit {H}ilfe von {L}exikon und {W}ortagenten im {S}ystem {LINAS}}, editor = {James Kilbury and Richard Wiese}, booktitle = {Integrative Ans{\"a}tze in der Computerlinguistik. Beitr{\"a}ge zur 5. Fachtagung der Sektion Computerlinguistik der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft (DGfS--CL 95), D{\"u}sseldorf, 04.--06. Oktober 1995}, year = 1995, pages = {96--101}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf} } @InProceedings{ schulz_mertens_etal97, author = {Marion Schulz and Andreas Mertens and Hermann Helbig}, title = {{P}r{\"a}positionsanalyse im {S}ystem {LINAS}}, editor = {Dagmar Haumann and Stefan Schierholz}, booktitle = {Lexikalische und grammatische Eigenschaften pr{\"a}positionaler Elemente}, year = 1997, series = {Linguistische Arbeiten}, pages = {105--121}, address = {T{\"u}bingen}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, number = 371 } @InProceedings{ schulz_schmidt92, author = {Marion Schulz and D. Schmidt}, title = {Yes/No Questions with Negation: Towards Integrating Semantics and Pragmatics}, booktitle = {Preprints of Proc.\ of GWAI-92}, year = 1992, pages = {211--216}, address = {Bonn, Germany} } @InCollection{ schulz_schmidt93, author = {Marion Schulz and D. Schmidt}, title = {Yes/No Questions with Negation: Towards Integrating Semantics and Pragmatics}, editor = {H. J. Ohlbach}, booktitle = {GWAI-92: Advances in Artificial Intelligence - Proc.\ of the 16th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Bonn, Germany}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1993, pages = {247--254}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ schumacher86, editor = {Helmut Schumacher}, title = {Verben in Feldern -- Valenzw{\"o}rterbuch zur Syntax und Semantik deutscher Verben}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1986, volume = 1, series = {Schriften des Instituts f{\"u}r deutsche Sprache}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ searle90, author = {John R. Searle}, title = {Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program?}, journal = {Scientific American}, year = 1990, volume = 262, number = 1, pages = {20--25} } @Book{ searle_kiefer_etal80, author = {J. R. Searle and F. Kiefer and M. Bierwisch}, title = {Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1980, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ sgal_hajicova77, author = {P. Sgall and E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a}}, title = {Focus on Focus ({P}art 1)}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics}, year = 1977, volume = 28, pages = {5--54} } @InProceedings{ sgall76, author = {P. Sgall}, title = {On the Notion of Semantic Language}, booktitle = {Proceedings (COLING 76)}, year = 1976 } @Article{ sgall80, author = {P. Sgall}, title = {Case and Meaning}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics}, year = 1980, volume = 33, pages = {5--21} } @Book{ sgall_hajicova73, author = {P. Sgall and E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a}}, title = {Topic, Focus and Generative Semantics}, publisher = {Scriptor}, year = 1973, address = {Kronberg, Taunus} } @Article{ sgall_hajicova77, author = {P. Sgall and E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a}}, title = {Focus on Focus ({P}art 1)}, journal = {The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics}, year = 1977, volume = 28, pages = {5--54} } @Book{ sgall_hajicova98, author = {E. Haji\v{c}ov{\'a} and B. Partee and P. Sgall}, title = {Topic-focus articulation, tripartite structures, and semantic content}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1998, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Book{ shafer76, author = {Glenn Shafer}, title = {A Mathematical Theory of Evidence}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = 1976, address = {Princeton} } @Book{ shafer96, author = {Glenn Shafer}, title = {The Art of Causal Conjecture}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1996, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ shannon_weaver76, author = {Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver}, title = {{M}athematische {G}rundlagen der {I}nformationstheorie}, publisher = {R. Oldenbourg}, year = 1976, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Germany}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ shapiro04, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {A logic of Arbitrary and Indefinite Objects}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR-2004)}, year = 2004, pages = {565--575}, address = {AAAI, Menlo Park, California}, annote = {editor: D. Dubois and Ch. Welty and M. Williams} } @InProceedings{ shapiro71, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {A Net Structure for Semantic Information Storage, Deduction and Retrieval}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1971, pages = {512--523}, address = {Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA}, annote = {persoenliche Mitteilung von Stu} } @InCollection{ shapiro79, author = {S. C. Shapiro}, title = {The {SnePS} Semantic Network Processing System}, editor = {N. V. Findler}, booktitle = {Associative Networks: The Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1979, pages = {179--203}, address = {New York} } @Article{ shapiro86, author = {E. Shapiro}, title = {Concurrent {PROLOG}: {A} Progress Report}, journal = {Computer}, year = 1986, volume = 19, number = 8, pages = {44--58} } @Article{ shapiro91, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Case Studies of {SNePS}}, journal = {{SIGART} Bulletin}, year = 1991, volume = 2, number = 3, pages = 128 } @Book{ shapiro92, editor = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = 1992, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ shapiro92a, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro and William J. Rapaport}, title = {The {SN}e{PS} Family}, editor = {F. Lehmann}, booktitle = {Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Pergamon Press}, year = 1992, pages = {243--275}, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ shapiro92b, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Relevance Logic in Computer Science}, editor = {A. R. Anderson and N. D. Belnap and M. Dunn}, booktitle = {Entailment, Volume II}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = 1992, pages = {553--563}, address = {Princeton} } @Article{ shapiro96, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {Formalizing {E}nglish}, journal = {International Journal of Expert Systems}, year = 1996, volume = 9, number = 1, pages = {151--171} } @InCollection{ shapiro99, author = {Stuart C. Shapiro}, title = {{SnePS}: A Logic for Natural Language Understanding and Commonsense Reasoning}, editor = {L. Iwanska and S. Shapiro}, booktitle = {Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation: Language for Knowledge und Knowledge for Language}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1999, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ shieber86, author = {Stuart M. Shieber}, title = {An Introduction to Unification-Based Approaches to Grammar}, publisher = {Stanford University}, year = 1986, series = {CSLI Lecture Notes}, address = {Stanford, California}, number = 4 } @Article{ shieber94, author = {Stuart M. Shieber}, title = {Restricting the Weak-Generative Capacity of Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammars}, journal = {Computational Intelligence}, year = 1994, volume = 10, number = 4, pages = {371--385} } @TechReport{ shieber_schabes_etal94, author = {Stuart M. Shieber and Yves Schabes and Fernando C. N. Pereira}, title = {Principles and Implementation of Deductive Parsing}, institution = {Center for Research in Computing Technology, Harvard University}, year = 1994, type = {Technical report}, number = {{TR-11-94}}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ shoenfield67, author = {J.R. Shoenfield}, title = {Mathematical Logic}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1967, address = {Reading} } @Manual{ sicstus95, author = {SICStus}, title = {SICSTUS Prolog User's Manual}, organization = {Swedish Institute of Computer Science}, address = {Kista, Sweden}, month = jun, year = 1995, key = {SICStus} } @InCollection{ sidner86, author = {Candace L. Sidner}, title = {Focusing in the Comprehension of Definite Anaphora}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {363--394}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @Article{ siefkes95, author = {D. Siefkes}, title = {{\"U}ber die fruchtbare {V}ervielf\"altigung der {G}edanken beim {R}eden}, journal = {Forschung und Lehre}, year = 1995, volume = 10, pages = {551--555} } @Book{ siegfried78, author = {Hans-Joachim Siegfried}, title = {{V}on der {M}engenlehre zur {S}chaltalgebra: {D}ie praktische {A}nwendung der {S}chaltalgebra in der {D}igitaltechnik}, publisher = {Franzis-Verlag}, year = 1978, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ simmons92, author = {G. Simmons}, title = {{K}ommentar zu {E}wald {L}ang: {L}inguistische vs.~konzeptuelle {A}spekte der {LILOG}--{O}ntologie}, editor = {G. Klose and E. Lang and Th. Pirlein}, booktitle = {Ontologie und Axiomatik der Wissensbasis von LILOG}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1992, pages = {46--54}, address = {Berlin}, bib = {HA TZH/KLO} } @InProceedings{ simonet98, author = {G. Simonet}, title = {Two {FOL} Semantics for Simple and Nested Conceptual Graphs}, editor = {Marie-Laure Mugnier and Michel Chein}, booktitle = {Conceptual Structures: Theory, Tools and Applications (6th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'98)}, year = 1998, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {240--254}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer}, number = 1453 } @Article{ simpson91, author = {R. L. Simpson}, title = {{DARPA} {V}ision and Navigation}, journal = {IEEE Export}, year = {1991-92}, volume = 6, number = 4, pages = {11--52}, note = {6(5): 23--38, 7(1): 45--64} } @Article{ singh_etal98, author = {S. Singh and T. D. Gedeon and Y. Rho}, title = {Comprehension of Web Information for Users with Special Linguistic Needs}, journal = {Journal of Communication}, year = 1998, volume = 2, number = 48, pages = {86--108} } @Book{ sinowjew68, author = {A. A. Sinowjew}, title = {{\"U}ber mehrwertige {L}ogik. Ein Abri{\ss}}, publisher = {{DVW}--Vieweg--Winter}, year = 1968, address = {Berlin--Braunschweig--Basel} } @Book{ sinowjew_wessel75, author = {A.A. Sinowjew and H. Wessel}, title = {{L}ogische {S}prachregeln, eine {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {L}ogik}, publisher = {{VEB} {D}eutscher {V}erlag der {W}issenschaften}, year = 1975, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ sitta71, author = {H. Sitta}, title = {{S}emanteme {R}elationen}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1971, address = {Frankfurt/M.} } @Misc{ six89, author = {H.-W. Six}, title = {Kurs 1611 -- {P}rogrammierung}, howpublished = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1989 } @Book{ skornjakov77, author = {L. A. Skornjakov}, title = {Elements of Lattice Theory}, publisher = {Hindustan Publishing Corporation}, year = 1977, address = {Delhi}, language = {en}, annote = {K-1601} } @InCollection{ slagle63, author = {J. R. Slagle}, title = {A Heuristic Program that Solves Symbolic Integration Problems}, editor = {E. A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman}, booktitle = {Computers and thought}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, year = 1963, pages = {191--203}, address = {New York} } @Article{ slocum85, author = {J. Slocum}, title = {Special issue on machine translation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1985, volume = 11, number = {1, 2/3} } @InProceedings{ small81, author = {Steven Small}, title = {Viewing Word Expert Parsing as Linguistic Theory}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI-81})}, year = 1981, pages = {70--76} } @InCollection{ small83, author = {Steven Small}, title = {Parsing as co-operative distributional inference. Understanding through memory interactions}, editor = {Margaret King}, booktitle = {Parsing Natural Language}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1983, pages = {247--276}, address = {London} } @InCollection{ small87, author = {Steven Small}, title = {A Distributed Word-Based Approach to Parsing}, editor = {Leonard Bolc}, booktitle = {Natural Language Parsing Systems}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1987, pages = {161--201}, address = {Berlin} } @InCollection{ small_rieger82, author = {Steven Small and Chuck Rieger}, title = {Parsing and Comprehending with Word Experts (a Theory and its Realization)}, editor = {Wendy Lehnert and Martin Ringle}, booktitle = {Strategies for Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1982, pages = {89--147}, address = {Hillsdale, New Jersey} } @Article{ smolka_treinen94, author = {Gert Smolka and Ralf Treinen}, title = {Records for Logic Programming}, journal = {Journal of Logic Programming}, year = 1994, volume = 18, pages = {229--258} } @InProceedings{ socher_biemann_etal07, author = {Richard Socher and Chris Biemann and Rainer Osswald}, title = {Combining Contexts in Lexicon Learning for Semantic Parsing}, editor = {Joakim Nivre and Heiki-Jaan Kaalep and Kadri Muischnek and Mare Koit}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NODALIDA 2007)}, year = 2007, pages = {175--182}, address = {Tartu, Estonia}, annote = {ISBN 978-9985-4-0514-7} } @Book{ sommerfeldt_schreiber80a, author = {Karl-Ernst Sommerfeldt and Herbert Schreiber}, title = {W\"orterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Adjektive}, publisher = {VEB Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1980, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ sommerfeldt_schreiber80b, author = {Karl-Ernst Sommerfeldt and Herbert Schreiber}, title = {W\"orterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Substantive}, publisher = {VEB Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1980, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ sommers82, author = {Fred Sommers}, title = {The logic of natural language}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1982, address = {Oxford} } @Book{ sommers90, author = {Fred Sommers}, title = {The logic of natural language}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = 1990, address = {Oxford} } @Article{ sonnenstuhl_huth01, author = {I. Sonnenstuhl and A. Huth}, title = {Processing of {G}erman -n Plurals: A Dual Mechanism Approach}, journal = {Brain and Language}, year = 2001, volume = 81, pages = {276--290} } @Article{ soon_ng_etal01, author = {Wee Meng Soon and Hwee Tou Ng and Daniel Chung Yong Lim}, title = {A Machine Learning Approach to Coreference Resolution of Noun Phrases}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {521--544}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ soon_ng_etal99, author = {Wee Meng Soon and Hwee Tou Ng and Chung Yong Lim}, title = {Corpus-Based Learning for Noun-Phrase Coreference Resolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC-99)}, year = 1999, pages = {285--291}, address = {College Park, Maryland}, month = jun, annote = {editor: Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou} } @Book{ sowa00, author = {John F. Sowa}, title = {Knowledge {R}epresentation: {L}ogical, {P}hilosophical, and {C}omputational {F}oundations}, publisher = {Brooks \& Cole}, year = 2000, address = {Pacific Grove} } @Book{ sowa84, author = {John F. Sowa}, title = {Conceptual Structures. Information Processing in Mind and Machine}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1984, series = {The System Programming Series}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ sowa91, editor = {John F. Sowa}, title = {Principles of Semantic Networks: {E}xplorations in the Representation of Knowledge}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1991, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Book{ sparck-jones_wilks83, author = {Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Yorick Wilks}, title = {Automatic Natural Language Parsing}, publisher = {Ellis Horwood}, year = 1983, address = {Chichester, England} } @Book{ sparck_galliers96, editor = {Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Julia R. Galliers}, title = {Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems: An Analysis and Review}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, volume = 1083, series = {LNAI}, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ stallard93, author = {David Stallard}, title = {Two Kinds of Metonymy}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'93)}, year = 1993, pages = {87--94}, address = {Columbus, Ohio}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P93-1012} } @MastersThesis{ staudt02, author = {Dieter Staudt}, title = {Automatische {A}kquisition lexikalisch-semantischer {I}nformationen aus {T}extkorpora: {E}ine {U}ntersuchung zur {K}ategorie der {N}omina}, school = {Ruhr-Universit{\"a}t Bochum}, year = 2002, type = {Magisterarbeit}, address = {Bochum, Germany}, month = aug } @Book{ steedman2000, author = {Mark Steedman}, title = {The Syntactic Process}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 2000, series = {Language, Speech and Communication}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ steedman96, author = {Mark Steedman}, title = {Surface Structure and Interpretation}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = 1996, volume = 30, series = {Linguistic Inquiry Monographs}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Book{ steele90, editor = {G. L. Steele}, title = {{COMMON LISP}, The language}, publisher = {Digital Press}, year = 1990, address = {Burlington, Massachusetts}, edition = 2 } @Article{ stefik81, author = {M. Stefik}, title = {Planning with Constraints: {MOLGEN} ({P}art {I}).{ P}lanning and Meta-Planning: {MOLGEN} ({P}art {II})}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1981, volume = 16, number = 2, pages = {111--169} } @Book{ stegmueller75, author = {W. Stegm{\"u}ller}, title = {{H}auptstr{\"o}mungen der {G}egenwartsphilosophie}, publisher = {Kr{\"o}ner}, year = 1975, address = {Stuttgart} } @Book{ stegmueller83, author = {Wolfgang Stegm{\"u}ller}, title = {Probleme und {R}esultate der {W}issenschaftstheorie und analytischen {P}hilosophie. {B}and 1 -- {E}rkl{\"a}rung {B}egr{\"u}ndung {K}ausalit{\"a}t}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1983, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ stegmueller89, author = {W. Stegm{\"u}ller}, title = {{H}auptstr{\"o}mungen der {G}egenwartsphilosophie}, publisher = {Kr{\"o}ner}, year = 1989, address = {Stuttgart} } @MastersThesis{ stenglein06, author = {Brigitte Stenglein}, title = {Evaluierung des nat{\"u}rlichsprachlichen {I}nterfaces {NLI-Z39.50}}, school = {Fachbereich Informatik, Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t in Hagen}, year = 2006, type = {Masterarbeit ({M}aster of {C}omputer {S}cience)}, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @Book{ sterling_shapiro86, author = {L. Sterling and E. Shapiro}, title = {{PROLOG}}, publisher = {Addison- Wesley}, year = 1986, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ sterling_shapiro88, author = {L. Sterling and E. Shapiro}, title = {{PROLOG}: Fortgeschrittene Programmiertechniken}, publisher = {Addison- Wesley}, year = 1988, address = {Bonn} } @InProceedings{ stetina_nagao97, author = {Jiri Stetina and Makoto Nagao}, title = {Corpus Based {PP} Attachment Ambiguity Resolution with a Semantic Dictionary}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Very Large Corpora (WVLC-5)}, year = 1997, pages = {66--80} } @Article{ stevenson_wilks01, author = {Mark Stevenson and Yorick Wilks}, title = {The Interaction of Knowledge Sources in Word Sense Disambiguation}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 3, pages = {321--349}, month = sep } @Book{ stickel70, author = {G. Stickel}, title = {{U}ntersuchungen zur {N}egation im heutigen {D}eutsch}, publisher = {Vieweg}, year = 1970, address = {Braunschweig} } @Article{ stickel85, author = {M. Stickel}, title = {Automated Deduction by Theory Resolution}, journal = {Journal of Automated Reasoning}, year = 1985, volume = 1, number = 4, pages = {333--356} } @Book{ stillings87, editor = {N. A. Stillings and al.}, title = {Cognitive science, an introduction}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1987, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @TechReport{ stolzenburg93, author = {Frieder Stolzenburg}, title = {An Algorithm for General Set Unification and its Complexity}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1993, type = {Fachberichte Informatik}, number = {3/93}, address = {Koblenz} } @TechReport{ stolzenburg95, author = {Frieder Stolzenburg}, title = {Membership-Constraints and Complexity in Logic Programming with Sets}, institution = {Universit{\"a}t Koblenz-Landau}, year = 1995, type = {Fachberichte Informatik}, number = {13/95}, address = {Koblenz} } @InCollection{ stolzenburg96, author = {Frieder Stolzenburg}, title = {Membership-Constraints and Complexity in Logic Programming with Sets}, editor = {Franz Baader and Klaus U. Schulz}, booktitle = {Frontiers in Combining Systems}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1996, pages = {196--212}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ stoyan86, author = {Herbert Stoyan}, title = {Programmiermethoden der {K\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1986, volume = 1, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ stoyan91, author = {Herbert Stoyan}, title = {Programmiermethoden der {K\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1991, volume = 2, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ stoyan_goerz84, author = {Herbert Stoyan and G{\"u}nter G{\"o}rz}, title = {{LISP}: {E}ine {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {P}rogrammierung}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1984, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ string_helbig82, author = {P. String and H. Helbig}, title = {Lingva Reformulado de storitaj datumstrukturoj el automata prilaborado de tekstoj}, booktitle = {Proc. INTERCOMPUTO-82}, year = 1982, pages = {102--105}, address = {Budapest, Hungary} } @InProceedings{ strube_hahn95, author = {Michael Strube and Udo Hahn}, title = {{ParseTalk} about Sentence- and Text-Level Anaphora}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL'95)}, year = 1995, pages = {237--244}, address = {Dublin, Ireland} } @Article{ strube_hahn99, author = {Michael Strube and Udo Hahn}, title = {Functional Centering -- Grounding Referential Coherence in Information Structure}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1999, volume = 25, number = 3, pages = {309--344}, month = sep } @Book{ strzalkowski_harabagiu06, editor = {Tomek Strzalkowski and Sanda Harabagiu}, title = {Advances in Open Domain Question Answering}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, address = {New York} } @Article{ stuckardt01, author = {Roland Stuckardt}, title = {Design and Enhanced Evaluation of a Robust Anaphor Resolution Algorithm}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {479--506}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ stuckardt97, author = {Roland Stuckardt}, title = {Resolving Anaphoric References on Deficient Syntactic Descriptions}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL-EACL'97 Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts}, year = 1997, pages = {30--37}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @InProceedings{ stuckenschmidt_schlieder_etal01, author = {H. Stuckenschmidt and C. Schlieder and U. Visser and T. Voegele and H. Neumann}, title = {Spatial Reasoning for Information Brokering}, booktitle = {Proceedings of International Florida AI Research Symposium ({FLAIRS}~2001)}, year = 2001, pages = {568--573}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @Book{ suppes70, author = {Patrick Suppes}, title = {A Probabilistic Theory of Causality}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1970, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @InProceedings{ swartout81, author = {W. Swartout}, title = {Explaining and Justifying Expert Consulting Programs}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {815--822}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ swinburne83, editor = {Richard Swinburne}, title = {Space, time and causality}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1983, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Book{ szep_forgo83, author = {J. Szep and F. Forgo}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {S}pieltheorie}, publisher = {Akademiai Kiado}, year = 1983, address = {Budapest} } @Article{ takeuchi_okuno_etal86, author = {I. Takeuchi and H. Okuno and N. Ohsato}, title = {A List Processing Language with Multiple Programming Paradigms}, journal = {New Generation Computing}, year = 1986, volume = 4, number = 4, pages = {401--444}, address = {Tokyo} } @Book{ takeuti75, author = {Gaisi Takeuti}, title = {Proof Theory}, publisher = {North-Holland Publishing Company}, year = 1975, volume = 81, series = {Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics}, address = {Amsterdam} } @Book{ tanenbaum95, author = {Andrew S. Tanenbaum}, title = {Moderne Betriebssysteme}, publisher = {Hanser}, year = 1995, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, edition = 2 } @InCollection{ tanev_kouylekov_etal06, author = {Hristo Tanev and Milen Kouylekov and Bernardo Magnini and Matteo Negri and Kiril Simov}, title = {Exploiting Linguistic Indices and Syntactic Structures for Multilingual Question Answering: ITC-irst at {CLEF} 2005}, editor = {Carol Peters and Fredric C. Gey and Julio Gonzalo and Gareth J. F. Jones and Michael Kluck and Bernardo Magnini and Henning M{\"u}ller and Maarten {de Rijke}}, booktitle = {Accessing Multilingual Information Repositories: 6th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2005, Vienna, Austria, Revised Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 4022, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {390--399}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-540-45697-1} } @InCollection{ tanev_negri_etal05, author = {Hristo Tanev and Matteo Negri and Bernardo Magnini and Milen Kouylekov}, title = {The {DIOGENE} Question Answering System at {CLEF}-2004}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {435--445}, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ taylor53, author = {Wilson Taylor}, title = {Cloze Procedure: A New Tool for Measuring Readability}, journal = {Journalism Quarterly}, year = 1953, volume = 30, pages = {415--433} } @Book{ taylor90, author = {Insup Taylor}, title = {Psycholinguistics -- Learning and Using Language}, publisher = {Prentice Hall}, year = 1990, address = {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey} } @Manual{ teitelmann74, author = {W. Teitelmann}, title = {Interlisp reference manual}, organization = {Xerox Research Center}, address = {Palo Alto}, year = 1974 } @Proceedings{ tepfenhart_cyre99, title = {Conceptual Structures: Standards and Practices (7th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS'99)}, year = 1999, editor = {William Tepfenhart and Walling Cyre}, number = 1640, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @InCollection{ terry88, author = {A. Terry}, title = {Using Explict Strategic Knowledge to Control Expert Systems}, editor = {R. Engelmore and T. Morgan}, booktitle = {Blackboard Systems}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1988, pages = {159--188}, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ tesniere59, author = {Lucien Tesni{\`e}re}, title = {El{\'e}ments de syntaxe structurale}, publisher = {Klincksieck}, year = 1959, address = {Paris} } @Article{ tetreault01, author = {Joel R. Tetreault}, title = {A Corpus-Based Evaluation of Centering and Pronoun Resolution}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2001, volume = 27, number = 4, pages = {507--520}, month = dec } @InProceedings{ tetreault99, author = {Joel R. Tetreault}, title = {Analysis of Syntax-Based Pronoun Resolution Methods}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'99)}, year = 1999, pages = {602--605} } @Manual{ texas85, title = {Natural Language Menu - user's guide}, organization = {Digital systems group}, address = {Dallas, Texas}, year = 1985, key = {Texas Instruments} } @Book{ thorp80, author = {John Thorp}, title = {Free will: {A} defence against neurophysiological determinism}, publisher = {Routledge \& Paul}, year = 1980, address = {London} } @MastersThesis{ tjaden96, author = {Ingo Tjaden}, title = {Semantische {P}r{\"a}positionsinterpretation im {R}ahmen der {W}ortklassen-gesteuerten {A}nalyse}, school = {Fern{U}niversit{\"a}t {H}agen}, year = 1996, address = {Hagen, Germany} } @Book{ topsoe74, author = {F. Topsoe}, title = {{I}nformationstheorie}, publisher = {B. G. Teubner}, year = 1974, address = {Stuttgart}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ touretzky86, author = {David S. Touretzky}, title = {The Mathematics of Inheritance Systems}, publisher = {Pitman Publishing}, year = 1986, series = {Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, address = {London} } @Book{ trilling69, author = {Wolfgang Trilling}, title = {Fragen zur Geschichtlichkeit Jesu}, publisher = {St. Benno-Verlag GmbH}, year = 1969, address = {Leipzig}, edition = 3 } @Book{ tulving_donaldson72, author = {E. Tulving and W. Donaldson}, title = {Organization of Memory}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1972, address = {New York} } @Article{ turing50, author = {A. Turing}, title = {Computing Machinery and Intelligence}, journal = {Mind}, year = 1950, volume = {LIX}, pages = 236 } @Book{ turner84, author = {Raymond Turner}, title = {Logics for Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Wiley \& Sons}, year = 1984, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ uchida83, author = {Shunichi Uchida}, title = {Inference Machine: From Sequential to Parallel}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture}, year = 1983, pages = {410--416}, address = {Stockholm} } @InProceedings{ utiyama_murata_etal00, author = {Masao Utiyama and Masaki Murata and Hitoshi Isahara}, title = {A Statistical Approach to the Processing of Metonymy}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-2000)}, year = 2000, pages = {885--891}, url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C00-2128} } @InProceedings{ vallin_magnini_etal05, author = {Alessandro Vallin and Bernardo Magnini and Danilo Giampiccolo and Lili Aunimo and Christelle Ayache and Petya Osenova and Anselmo {Pe\~{n}as} and Maarten de Rijke and Bogdan Sacaleanu and Diana Santos and Richard Sutcliffe}, title = {Overview of the {CLEF} 2005 Multilingual Question Answering Track}, editor = {Carol Peters}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2005 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop}, year = 2005, address = {Wien, {\"O}sterreich}, month = sep } @Book{ van-rijsbergen75, author = {Cornelis J. {van Rijsbergen}}, title = {Information Retrieval}, publisher = {Butterworths}, year = 1975, address = {London, England} } @Article{ van-rijsbergen86, author = {Cornelis J. {van Rijsbergen}}, title = {A Non-Classical Logic for Information Retrieval}, journal = {The Computer Journal}, year = 1986, volume = 29, number = 6, pages = {481--485} } @Book{ vanbenthem86, author = {Johan {van Benthem}}, title = {Essays in Logical Semantics}, publisher = {D. Reidel}, year = 1986, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, annote = {Primer-1} } @Book{ vanbenthem91, author = {Johan {van Benthem}}, title = {The Logic of Time}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = 1991, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @Article{ vandeemter_kibble00, author = {Kees {van Deemter} and Rodger Kibble}, title = {On Coreferring: Coreference in {MUC} and Related Annotation Schemes}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2000, volume = 26, number = 4, pages = {629--637}, month = dec } @Article{ vandermeer99, author = {Elke {van der Meer}}, title = {Zeitkodierung in {W}issensk{\"o}rpern}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie}, year = 1999, volume = 207, number = {3--4}, pages = {363--381} } @Booklet{ vanderwaerden50, author = {Bartel L. {van der Waerden}}, title = {{M}oderne {A}lgebra}, year = 1950, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ vandijk_kintsch83, author = {Teun A. {van Dijk} and Walter Kintsch}, title = {Strategies of Discourse Comprehension}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1983, address = {New York} } @InProceedings{ vanemdeboas78, author = {P. van Emde Boas}, title = {The Connection between Modal Logic and Algorithmic Logic}, editor = {J. Winkowski}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science}, year = 1978, series = {LNCS}, volume = 64, pages = {1--15}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @Book{ vanhentenryck89, author = {Pascal {Van Hentenryck}}, title = {Constraint Satisfaction in Logic Programming}, publisher = {{MIT} Press}, year = 1989, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @InProceedings{ vanmelle79, author = {W. {Van Melle}}, title = {A Domain Independent Production Rule System for Consultation Programs}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79)}, year = 1979, pages = {923--925}, address = {Tokyo} } @InCollection{ vargas-vera_motta_etal04, author = {Maria Vargas-Vera and Enrico Motta and Raul Monroy and Gustavo Arroyo-Figueroa}, title = {AQUA: Ontology-based question answering system}, booktitle = {MICAI 2004: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2004, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {468--477}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ vendler67, author = {Zeno Vendler}, title = {Linguistics in Philosophy}, publisher = {Cornell University Press}, year = 1967, address = {Ithaca, New York} } @InProceedings{ vesonder_etal83, author = {G.T. Vesonder and others}, title = {{ACE}: {A}n Expert system fore Telephone Cable Maintenance}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-83)}, year = 1983, pages = {116--121}, address = {Karlsruhe} } @InCollection{ vicedo_ferrandez06, author = {Jose L. Vicedo and Antonio Ferr{\'a}ndez}, title = {Coreference in {Q \& A}}, editor = {Tomek Strzalkowski and Sanda Harabagiu}, booktitle = {Advances in Open Domain Question Answering}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2006, volume = 32, series = {Text, Speech and Language Technology}, pages = {71--96}, address = {Dordrecht} } @InProceedings{ vicedo_saiz_etal04, author = {Jos{\'e} L. Vicedo and Maximiliano Saiz and Rub{\'e}n Izquierdo}, title = {Does {E}nglish help Question Answering in {S}panish?}, editor = {Carol Peters and Francesca Borri}, booktitle = {Results of the CLEF 2004 Cross-Language System Evaluation Campaign, Working Notes for the CLEF 2004 Workshop}, year = 2004, pages = {419--423}, address = {Bath, England}, month = sep } @InCollection{ vicedo_saiz_etal05, author = {Jos{\'e} L. Vicedo and Maximiliano Saiz and Rub{\'e}n Izquierdo and Fernando Llopis}, title = {Does {E}nglish Help Question Answering in {S}panish?}, editor = {C. Peters and P. Clough and J. Gonzalo and G. J. F. Jones and M. Kluck and B. Magnini}, booktitle = {Multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images: 5th Workshop of the Cross-Language Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2004}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2005, volume = 3491, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {552--556}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {3-540-27420-0} } @Article{ vieira_poesio00, author = {Renata Vieira and Massimo Poesio}, title = {An Empirically Based System for Processing Definite Descriptions}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2000, volume = 26, number = 4, pages = {539--593}, month = dec } @Article{ vila94, author = {Lluis Vila}, title = {A Survey on Temporal Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence}, journal = {AI Communications}, year = 1994, volume = 7, number = 1, pages = {4--28}, month = mar } @InProceedings{ vilain85, author = {N. 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Voorhees}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2003 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {The Twelfth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2003}) Proceedings}, year = 2003, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @InProceedings{ voorhees_dang05, author = {Ellen M. Voorhees and Hoa Trang Dang}, title = {Overview of the {TREC} 2005 Question Answering Track}, booktitle = {The Fourteenth Text REtrieval Conference ({TREC~2005}) Proceedings}, year = 2005, address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, organization = {NIST} } @Book{ vossen98, editor = {Piek Vossen}, title = {{E}uro{W}ord{N}et: A Multilingual Database with Lexical Semantic Networks}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 1998, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands} } @InCollection{ wachsmuth93, author = {I. Wachsmuth}, title = {Expertensysteme, {P}lanen und {P}robleml{\"o}sen}, editor = {G. G{\"o}rz}, booktitle = {Einf{\"u}hrung in die K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1993, address = {Bonn} } @Book{ wahlster00, editor = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {Verbmobil: {F}oundations of Speech-to-Speech Translation}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2000, address = {Berlin, Germany} } @InProceedings{ wahlster04, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {{S}mart{W}eb: Mobile applications of the Semantic Web}, booktitle = {Proc. KI 2004: Advances in Artificial Intelligence}, year = 2004, series = {LNAI}, volume = 3238, pages = {50--51}, address = {Berlin}, publisher = {Springer} } @TechReport{ wahlster86, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {The Role of Natural Language in Advanced Knowledge-Based Systems}, institution = {Univ. des Saarlandes, KI-Labor}, year = 1986, type = {Bericht}, number = {No. 6}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @InProceedings{ wahlster93, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {{VERBMOBIL}: Translation of face-to-face dialogs}, booktitle = {Proc. of the 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}, year = 1993, pages = {29--38}, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ wahlster97, author = {Wolfgang Wahlster}, title = {{VERBMOBIL} -- {E}rkennung, {A}nalyse, {T}ransfer, {G}enerierung und {S}ynthese von {S}pontansprache}, institution = {DFKI}, year = 1997, type = {Verbmobil-Report}, number = 198, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @Book{ wahlster_engelkamp92, editor = {W. Wahlster and J. Engelkamp}, title = {Wissenschaftliche Ziele und Netzpl{\"a}ne f{\"ur} das {VERBMOBIL}-Projekt}, publisher = {DFKI}, year = 1992, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken} } @Book{ wahrig92, author = {Gerhard Wahrig}, title = {Deutsches W{\"o}rterbuch}, publisher = {Bertelsmann-Lexikon-Verlag}, year = 1992, address = {G{\"u}tersloh}, language = {de} } @Book{ waibel_lee90, author = {Alex Waibel and Kai-Fu Lee}, title = {Readings in Speech Recognition}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1990, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Book{ walker95, editor = {Donald E. Walker}, title = {Automating the lexicon: research and practice in a multilingual environment}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1995, address = {Oxford} } @Proceedings{ walker_norton69, title = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-69)}, year = 1969, editor = {D.E. Walker and L.M. Norton}, address = {Washington D.C., USA}, month = may } @Article{ warren_gibson02, author = {Tessa Warren and Edward Gibson}, title = {The Influence of Referential Processing on Sentence Complexity}, journal = {Cognition}, year = 2002, volume = 85, pages = {79--112} } @InProceedings{ watanabe_elio87, author = {L. Watanabe and R. Elio}, title = {Guiding Constructive Induction for Incremental Learning from examples}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-87)}, year = 1987, pages = {293--296}, address = {Mailand} } @Book{ waterman_hayes-roth78, author = {D. A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth}, title = {Pattern-Directed Inference Systems}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1978, address = {New York} } @Misc{ wcag2007, author = {Ben Caldwell and Michael Cooper and Loretta Guarino Reid and Gregg Vanderheiden}, title = {Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 Working Draft}, howpublished = {{W3C}}, year = 2007 } @Book{ weatherford91, author = {Roy Weatherford}, title = {The Implications of Determinism}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = 1991, address = {London} } @InCollection{ webber86, author = {Bonnie L. Webber}, title = {So what we can talk about now?}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {395--414}, address = {Los Altos, California}, bib = {HA TZH/GRO} } @PhDThesis{ wechsler91, author = {Stephen Wechsler}, title = {Argument Structure and Linking}, school = {Stanford University}, year = 1991, type = {{PhD} Dissertation}, address = {Stanford, California} } @Book{ wedekind91, author = {H. Wedekind}, title = {{D}atenbanksysteme I}, publisher = {Bibliographisches Institut}, year = 1991, address = {Mannheim}, annote = {K-1601} } @InProceedings{ weiss_kulikowski79, author = {S. M. Weiss and C. A. Kulikowski}, title = {{EXPERT}: {A} System for Developing Consultation Models}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79)}, year = 1979, pages = {942--947}, address = {Tokyo} } @InProceedings{ weiss_kulikowski81, author = {S. M. Weiss and C. A. Kulikowski}, title = {Developing Microprocessor-based Expert Models for Instrument Interpretation}, booktitle = {Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-81)}, year = 1981, pages = {853--855}, address = {Vancouver} } @Book{ weiss_kulikowski91, author = {Sholom M. Weiss and Casimir A. Kulikowski}, title = {Computer Systems That Learn: Classification and Prediction Methods from Statistics, Neural Nets, Machine Learning, and Expert Systems}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1991, address = {San Mateo, California} } @Article{ weiss_kulikowski_etal78, author = {S. M. Weiss and C. A. Kulikowski and others}, title = {A Model-based Method for Computer-Aided Decision Making}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1978, volume = 11, number = {1/2}, pages = {145--172} } @Article{ weizenbaum66, author = {J. Weizenbaum}, title = {{ELIZA} - a Computer Program for the Study of Language Communication between Man and Computer}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1966, volume = 9, number = 36, pages = 45 } @Book{ wermter_riloff_etal96, editor = {Stefan Wermter and Ellen Riloff and Gabriele Scheler}, title = {Connectionist, Statistical, and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 1996, volume = 1040, series = {LNAI}, address = {Berlin}, booktitle = {Connectionist, Statistical, and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing} } @Book{ wessel77, author = {H. Wessel}, title = {Logik und empirische Wissenschaften}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1977, address = {Berlin} } @InProceedings{ white77, author = {J. L. White}, title = {Program is Data - a Historical Perspective on {MACLISP}}, booktitle = {MACSYMA user conference}, year = 1977, address = {Berkeley, California} } @Book{ whitelock_kilby95, author = {Peter Whitelock and Kieran Kilby}, title = {Linguistic and computational techniques in machine translation system design}, publisher = {UCL Press}, year = 1995, address = {London} } @Book{ wichter88, author = {S. Wichter}, title = {{S}ignifikantgleiche {Z}eichen}, publisher = {Narr}, year = 1988, address = {T{\"u}bingen} } @Book{ wierzbicka72, author = {Anna Wierzbicka}, title = {Semantic Primitives}, publisher = {Athen{\"a}um}, year = 1972, series = {{L}ingustische {F}orschungen}, address = {Frankfurt}, number = 22 } @Book{ wierzbicka96, author = {Anna Wierzbicka}, title = {Semantics: Primes and Universals}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = 1996, address = {Oxford} } @InCollection{ wiig84, author = {K. Wiig}, title = {Market Trends in Artificial Intelligence in the {U}nited {S}tates and {J}apan}, editor = {T. Bernold and G. Alberts}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence: Towards Practical Application}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = 1984, pages = {169--180}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @Article{ wilks75, author = {Yorick Wilks}, title = {An Intelligent Analyser and Understander of {E}nglish}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1975, volume = 18, pages = {264--274} } @Article{ wilks92, author = {Yorick Wilks}, title = {The Preference Semantics Family}, journal = {Computers Math. Applic.}, year = 1992, volume = 23, number = 2, pages = {205--221} } @Article{ wilks_stevenson98, author = {Yorick Wilks and Mark Stevenson}, title = {The Grammar of Sense: Using Part-of-Speech Tags as a First Step in Semantic Disambiguation}, journal = {Natural Language Engineering}, year = 1998, volume = 4, number = 2, pages = {135--143} } @Book{ winograd72, author = {Terry Winograd}, title = {Understanding Natural Language}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1972, address = {New York} } @InCollection{ winograd75, author = {T. Winograd}, title = {Frame Representations and the Declarative-Procedural Controversy}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {185--210}, address = {New York} } @Book{ winograd83, author = {Terry Winograd}, title = {Language as a Cognitive Process: Volume {I}: Syntax}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1983, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ winograd_flores89, author = {Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores}, title = {{E}rkenntnis -- {M}aschinen -- {V}erstehen}, publisher = {Rotbuch}, year = 1989, address = {Berlin} } @Article{ winston80, author = {Patrick H. Winston}, title = {Learning and Reasoning by Analogy}, journal = {Communications of the {ACM}}, year = 1980, volume = 23, number = 12, pages = {689--703} } @Book{ winston92, author = {Patrick H. Winston}, title = {Artificial Intelligence}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1992, address = {Reading, Massachusetts} } @Book{ winston_horn89, author = {Patrick H. Winston and Berthold K. P. Horn}, title = {Lisp}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = 1989, address = {Reading, Massachusetts}, edition = 3 } @Article{ wipkke_todd_etal78, author = {W. Wipke and O. Todd and I. Glen and S. Krishan}, title = {Simulation and Evaluation of Chemical Synthesis - {SECS}}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = 1978, volume = 11, number = {1/2}, pages = {173--193} } @Book{ wittgenstein69a, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {Schriften 1 -- {T}ractatus logico-philosophicus, {T}ageb{\"u}cher 1914--1916, {P}hilosophische {U}ntersuchungen}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, address = {Frankfurt} } @InCollection{ wittgenstein69b, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {Tractatus logico-philosophicus}, booktitle = {Schriften 1}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, pages = {7--83}, address = {Frankfurt} } @InCollection{ wittgenstein69c, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {{P}hilosophische {U}ntersuchungen}, booktitle = {Schriften 1}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1969, pages = {279--544}, address = {Frankfurt} } @Book{ wittgenstein75, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein}, title = {{P}hilosophische {U}ntersuchungen}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, year = 1975, address = {Frankfurt} } @InProceedings{ wojcik_hoard_etal90, author = {Richard H. Wojcik and James E. Hoard and Katherina Holzhauser}, title = {The {B}oeing {S}implified {E}nglish {C}hecker}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference Human Machine Interaction and Artificial Intelligence in Aeronautics and Space}, year = 1990, pages = {43--57}, address = {Toulouse: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Toulouse} } @Article{ wolf_gibson05, author = {Florian Wolf and Edward Gibson}, title = {Representing Discourse Coherence: A Corpus-Based Study}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 2005, volume = 31, number = 2, pages = {249--287} } @Book{ wolf_setzer91, author = {Stephan Wolf and Ralf Setzer}, title = {Wissensverarbeitung mit {KEE}: {E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {E}rstellung von {E}xpertensystemen}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1991, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Article{ woods70, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {Transition Network Grammars for Natural Language Analysis}, journal = {Communications of the ACM}, year = 1970, volume = 13, number = 10, pages = {591--606} } @InCollection{ woods75, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {What's in a Link: {F}oundations for Semantic Networks}, editor = {D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins}, booktitle = {Representation and Understanding}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = 1975, pages = {35--82}, address = {New York}, bib = {E?} } @InProceedings{ woods76, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {A Compiling System for {ATN}}, booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 88)}, year = 1976, address = {Ottawa, Canada} } @Article{ woods80, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {Cascaded {ATN}-Grammars}, journal = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics}, year = 1980, volume = 6, number = 1, pages = {1--12} } @InCollection{ woods86, author = {W. A. Woods}, title = {Semantics and Quantification in Natural Language Question Answering}, editor = {Barbara J. Grosz and Karen {Sp{\"a}rck Jones} and Bonnie L. Webber}, booktitle = {Readings in Natural Language Processing}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 1986, pages = {205--248}, address = {Los Altos, California} } @TechReport{ woods_kaplan_etal72, author = {W. Woods and Ron Kaplan and B. Nash-Webber}, title = {The {LUNAR} Sciences Natural Language Information System: {F}inal Report}, institution = {Bolt Beranek and Newman}, year = 1972, number = {{BBN} Report No. 2378}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @Article{ wu_furugori96, author = {Haodong Wu and Teiji Furugori}, title = {A Hybrid Disambiguation Model for Prepositional Phrase Attachment}, journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing}, year = 1996, volume = 11, number = 4, pages = {187--192} } @MastersThesis{ wuerz99, author = {Felix C. W{\"u}rz}, title = {{K}onzeption und {R}ealisierung eines {M}oduls zur {T}ransformation von {B}edeutungsstrukturen nat{\"u}rlichsprachlicher {A}nfragen in das {Z39.50}--{P}rotokoll}, school = {FernUniverstit{\"a}t Hagen}, year = 1999, type = {Diplomarbeit}, address = {Hagen}, month = apr } @InCollection{ wunderlich_herweg91, author = {Dieter Wunderlich and Michael Herweg}, title = {{Lo}kale und {D}irektionale ({S}patial and {D}irectional {P}repositions)}, editor = {Arnim {von Stechow} and Dieter Wunderlich}, booktitle = {Semantik. Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgen{\"o}ssichen Forschung}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = 1991, pages = {758--785}, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ wussing71, editor = {H. Wussing}, title = {Die Hilbertschen Probleme}, publisher = {Geest \& Portig}, year = 1971, address = {Leipzig} } @Book{ wysotzki_unger81, author = {F. Wysotzki and S. Unger}, title = {Lernf{\"a}hige Klassifizierungssysteme}, publisher = {Akademie-Verlag}, year = 1981, address = {Berlin} } @TechReport{ yaz, author = {Index-Data}, title = {{YAZ} User's Guide and Reference}, institution = {Index Data}, year = 1997, url = {http://www.indexdata.dk/yaz/yaz.html} } @InProceedings{ yeh00, author = {Alexander S. Yeh}, title = {More Accurate Tests for the Statistical Significance of Result Differences}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-2000)}, year = 2000, pages = {947--953}, address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken, Germany} } @InProceedings{ yeh_vilain98, author = {Alexander S. Yeh and Marc B. Vilain}, title = {Some Properties of Preposition and Subordinate Conjunction Attachments}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL'98)}, year = 1998, pages = {1436--1442}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada} } @InProceedings{ yip85, author = {Kenneth M. Yip}, title = {Tense, Aspect, and the Cognitive Representation of Time}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th IJCAI}, year = 1985, pages = {806--814}, address = {Los Angeles, California}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @InProceedings{ yokote_tokoro86, author = {Y. Yokote and M. Tokoro}, title = {The Design and Implementation of {CONCURRENT SMALLTALK}}, editor = {M. Meyrowitz}, booktitle = {Proc. Int. Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA-86)}, year = 1976, pages = {331--340}, address = {Portland, Oregon} } @Book{ young75, author = {John F. Young}, title = {{E}inf{\"u}hrung in die {I}nformationstheorie}, publisher = {R. Oldenbourg Verlag}, year = 1975, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Wien}, language = {de}, annote = {K-1601} } @Book{ z3950, author = {{L}ibrary of Congress}, title = {ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1995 specifies versions 2 and 3 of the Z39.50 protocol}, publisher = {Z39.50 Maintenance Agency}, year = 1995, url = {http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/1995doce.html} } @Article{ zadeh65, author = {Lotfi A. Zadeh}, title = {Fuzzy Sets}, journal = {Information and Control}, year = 1965, volume = 8, pages = {338--353} } @Article{ zajac92, author = {R{\'{e}}mi Zajac}, title = {Inheritance and Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = 1992, volume = 18, number = 2, pages = {159--182}, month = jun } @InProceedings{ zavrel_daelemans_etal97, author = {Jakub Zavrel and Walter Daelemans and Jorn Veenstra}, title = {Resolving {PP} Attachment Ambiguities with Memory-Based Learning}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-97)}, year = 1997, pages = {136--144}, address = {Madrid, Spain} } @Manual{ zebra05, author = {Sebastian Hammer and Adam Dickmeiss and Heikki Levanto and Mike Taylor}, title = {Zebra -- User's Guide and Reference}, address = {Copenhagen}, year = 2005, institution = {{IndexData}} } @TechReport{ zebra98, author = {Index-Data}, title = {{Zebra} Administrator's Guide and Reference}, institution = {{IndexData}}, year = 1998, address = {Index Data Aps, Ryesgade 3, Copenhagen} } @InProceedings{ zelenko_aone_etal04, author = {Dmitry Zelenko and Chinatsu Aone and Jason Tibbetts}, title = {Coreference Resolution for Information Extraction}, editor = {Sanda Harabagiu and David Farwell}, booktitle = {ACL-2004: Workshop on Reference Resolution and its Applications}, year = 2004, pages = {24--31}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, month = jul, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics} } @Book{ zelinski-wibbelt93, editor = {Cornelia Zelinski-Wibbelt}, title = {The Semantics of Prepositions}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = 1993, address = {Berlin} } @Book{ zell97, author = {Andreas Zell}, title = {Simulation neuronaler Netze}, publisher = {Oldenbourg}, year = 1997, address = {M{\"u}nchen} } @Book{ zernik91, author = {U. Zernik}, title = {Lexical Acquisition}, publisher = {Erlbaum}, year = 1991, volume = 1, address = {Hillsdale} } @Book{ zobel04, author = {Justin Zobel}, title = {Writing for Computer Science}, publisher = {Springer}, year = 2004, address = {London}, edition = 2 } @Article{ zwaan_radvansky98, author = {Rolf A. Zwaan and Gabriel A. Radvansky}, title = {Situation Models in Language Comprehension and Memory}, journal = {Psychological Bulletin}, year = 1998, volume = 2, number = 123, pages = {162--185} }